字符转字节数组与Base64

发布于:2022-11-09 ⋅ 阅读:(492) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

文章目录

字符转字节数组与Base64

字符转字节数

需求

与接口交互时需要转成字节数组,然后Java在根据字节数组转成对应字符。

public class Test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = "姚鑫";
        try {
            byte[] utf = str.getBytes("UTF-8");
            for (int i = 0; i < utf.length; i++) {
                System.out.print(utf[i]);
            }
            System.out.println();
            System.out.println(new String(utf));
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
  • 输入字符串"姚鑫" 转成对应字节数组如下。
-27-89-102-23-111-85
姚鑫
  • 输入字符串"AB" 转成对应字节数组如下。
6566
AB

需要用M来实现,先上结果:

YX>w ##class(M.String2Bytes).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
[-27,-89,-102,-23,-111,-85]
YX>w ##class(M.String2Bytes).Main("AB").%ToJSON()
[65,66]

原理

unicode转换为utf-8编码的规则

Unicode UTF-8
0000-007F 0xxxxxxx
0080-07FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
0800-FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
  • 如果字符对应编码值小于等于0x7F,则转换该为1byte,最高位为0。该字符对应的二进制替换X,不足7位前面高位加0

  • 编码值在008007FF字符,会转换为2个字节,并且第一个字节以110开头,第二个字节以10开头,字符对应的编码值转换为2进制后的数据,填充X。不足位数的高位加0

  • 编码值在0800FFFF字符,会转换为3个字节,并且第一个字节以1110开头,后面字节以10开头,字符对应的编码值转换为2进制后的数据,填充X。不足位数的高位加0

  • 也就是说大于07XX编码值的字符,转换为字节时,第一个字节中连续1的个数表示该字符对应字节的长度。

"姚"unicode通过查unicode编码表可知为:59DA

M来验证一下:

YX>w $a("姚")
23002
YX>w $zhex(23002)
59DA

通过转换为二进制为:101 1001 1101 1010

YX>zw $factor(23002)
$zwc(128,4)_$c(218,89,0,0)/*$bit(2,4,5,7..9,12,13,15)*/

59DA落在了0800~ FFFF区间内,分成3段 101 100111 011010 再依据前面转换规则填充x

  • 高位填充 101 填充到 1110 不足补0 ,结果为:1110 0 101
  • 中位填充结果为:10 100111
  • 低位填充结果为:10 011010

所以 "姚"UTF-8编码为 11100101 10100111 10011010

高位为符号位,1-负:

  • 计算 11100101
-2^7 + 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^2+ 2^0 = -128 + 64 +32 + 4 + 1 = -27
  • 计算 10100111
-2^7 + 2^5 + 2^2 + 2^1+ 2^0 = -128 + 32 + 4 + 2 + 1 = -89
  • 计算 10011010
-2^7 + 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^1 = -128 + 16 + 8 + 2 = -102

解决过程

单字符

基于以上原理则来编写程序

  1. 获取字符ASCII
/// w ##class(M.String2Bytes).GetStringASCII("姚")
ClassMethod GetStringASCII(str)
{
	q $ascii(str)
}
YX> w ##class(M.String2Bytes).GetStringASCII("姚")
23002
  1. 根据ASCII获取位串。
/// zw ##class(M.String2Bytes).GetBit("23002")
ClassMethod GetBit(ascii)
{
	q $factor(ascii)
}
YX>zw ##class(M.String2Bytes).GetBit("23002")
$zwc(128,4)_$c(218,89,0,0)/*$bit(2,4,5,7..9,12,13,15)*/
  1. 获取低6位。
	s first = ""
	for i = 1 : 1 : 6 {
		s $bit(first, i) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	zw first
first=$zwc(410,1,0,2,5)/*$bit(2,4,5)*/
  1. 根据位数转换成十进制,在用128减去。
ClassMethod bit2Decimal(bit)
{
	s decimal = 0
	for i = 1 : 1 : $bitcount(bit) {
		s num = $bit(bit, i)
		if (num = 1 ){
			s decimal = decimal + $zpower(2, i - 1)
		}
	}
  	q decimal
}
s firstDecimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(first)
w firstDecimal,!
firstDecimal=-102
  1. 获取中6位。
	s second = ""
	for i = 7 : 1 : 12 {
		s $bit(second, i - 6) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	zw second
	s secondDecimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(second)
  1. 获取剩余高位,补位为1110,因为高位为-128不用补,只补671即可,再计算结果。
	s third = ""
	for i = 13 : 1 : 16 {
		s $bit(third, i - 12) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	s $bit(third, 6) = 1 
	s $bit(third, 7) = 1 
	zw third
	s thirdDecimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(third)

完整代码

/// w ##class(M.String2Bytes).CharBitString("姚")
ClassMethod CharBitString(str)
{
	#; 获取ascii
	s ascii = ..GetStringASCII(str)
	w ascii,!
	
	#; 根据ascii获取位串
	s bit = ..GetBit(ascii)
	zw bStr
	
	#; 获取低6位并,并计算1-7位的结果在用再加上-128
	s first = ""
	for i = 1 : 1 : 6 {
		s $bit(first, i) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	zw first
	s firstDecimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(first)
	w firstDecimal,!
	
	#; 获取中6位并,并计算1-7位的结果在用再加上-128
	s second = ""
	for i = 7 : 1 : 12 {
		s $bit(second, i - 6) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	zw second
	s secondDecimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(second)
	w secondDecimal,!
	
	#; 获取剩余高位,并计算1-7位的结果在用再加上-128
	s third = ""
	for i = 13 : 1 : 16 {
		s $bit(third, i - 12) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	s $bit(third, 6) = 1 
	s $bit(third, 7) = 1 
	zw third
	s thirdDecimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(third)
	w thirdDecimal,!
	
	q $$$OK
}
YX>w ##class(M.String2Bytes).CharBitString("姚")
23002
first=$zwc(410,1,0,2,5)/*$bit(2,4,5)*/
-102
second=$zwc(410,1,3,4)/*$bit(1..3,6)*/
-89
third=$zwc(409,1,1,3,4)/*$bit(1,3,6,7)*/
-27
1

基于上面的例子我们解决了单个字符的UTF8的字节转码。

多字符转码

  • 直接上完整代码,对上面的例子方法进行了一些抽取封装。
  • 进行了ascii范围了判断取字节不同,遍历输出。
/// w ##class(M.String2Bytes).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
/// w ##class(M.String2Bytes).Main("AB").%ToJSON()
ClassMethod Main(str)
{
	s steam = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New()
	d steam.Write(str)
	q ..Char2Bytes(steam)
}

ClassMethod Char2Bytes(stream As %GlobalCharacterStream)
{
	#define ASCII128 128
	#define ASCII2048 2048
	#define ASCII65536 65536
	s bytes = []
	while 'stream.AtEnd {
		s char = $a(stream.Read(1))
		s bit = $factor(char)
		if (char < $$$ASCII128) {
			d bytes.%Push(char)
		} elseif ((char >= $$$ASCII128) && (char < $$$ASCII2048)) {
			d bytes.%Push(..GetHighByte(bit, 1))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 0))
		} elseif ((char >= $$$ASCII2048) && (char < $$$ASCII65536)) {
			d bytes.%Push(..GetHighByte(bit, 2))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 6))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 0))
		} else {
			d bytes.%Push(..GetHighByte(bit, 3))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 12))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 6))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 0))
		}
	}
	q bytes
}

ClassMethod GetOffsetByte(bit, offset)
{
	s decimalBit = ""
	for i = 1 + offset : 1 : 6 + offset {
		s $bit(decimalBit, i - offset) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	s $bit(decimalBit, 7) = 0 
	s decimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(decimalBit)
	q decimal
}

ClassMethod GetHighByte(bit, wide)
{
	s decimalBit = ""
	for i = (6 * wide + 1) : 1 : ((6 *  (wide + 1) - wide)) {
		s $bit(decimalBit, i - (6 * wide)) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	
	for i = 1 : 1 : wide {
		s $bit(decimalBit, 8 - i) = 1 
	} 

	s decimal = -128 +  ..bit2Decimal(decimalBit)
	q decimal
}
YX>w ##class(M.String2Bytes).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
[-27,-89,-102,-23,-111,-85]
YX>w ##class(M.String2Bytes).Main("AB").%ToJSON()
[65,66]

字节数组java这边也解析成功

在这里插入图片描述

Base64

Base64是网络上最常见的用于传输8Bit字节码的编码方式之一,Base64就是一种基于64个可打印字符来表示二进制数据的方法。小写字母a-z、大写字母A-Z、数字0-9、符号"+“、”/“(再加上作为垫字的”=",实际上是65个字符)。

注:Base64作为编码而不是加密。

用处

  1. 将非ASCII字符的数据转换成ASCII字符;
  2. 特别适合在httpmime协议下快速传输数据;
  3. 数据内容进行编码来进行传输,安全简单。
  • 电子邮件传输
  • 网络数据传输
  • 密钥存储
  • 数字证书存储
  • OpenSSL操作Base64编码

原理

  1. 将每三个字节作为一组,一共是24个二进制位。
  2. 将这24个二进制位分为四组,每个组有6个二进制位。
  3. 在每组前面加两个00,扩展成32个二进制位,即4个字节。
  4. 根据下表,得到扩展后的每个字节的对应符号,这就是Base64的编码值。

在这里插入图片描述

示例

字符串 "YX" , -> ASCII码 -> 二进制 -> 按位数读取二进制再转十进制为索引表索引 -> 转为索引对应字符 。

在这里插入图片描述

实现过程

  1. 首先利用原生自带输出作为结果对照。
ClassMethod Base64Encryption(str As %String, capital As %String = "U")
{
	/* 字符串有汉字需要转换UTF-8 */
	s ret = $zcvt(str, "O", "UTF8")
	s ret = ##class(%SYSTEM.Encryption).Base64Encode(ret)
	q ret
}
YX> w ##class(M.String2Base64).Base64Encryption("YX")
WVg=

YX>w ##class(M.String2Base64).Base64Encryption("姚鑫")
5aea6ZGr
  1. 做如下修改字符转字节数方法直接输出UTF8十进制值。
ClassMethod GetOffsetByte(bit, offset)
{
	s first = ""
	for i = 1 + offset : 1 : 6 + offset {
		s $bit(first, i - offset) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	s $bit(first, 7) = 0 
	s $bit(first, 8) = 1 
	s firstDecimal =  ..bit2Decimal(first)
	q firstDecimal
}

ClassMethod GetHighByte(bit, wide)
{
	s first = ""
	for i = (6 * wide + 1) : 1 : ((6 *  (wide + 1) - wide)) {
		s $bit(first, i - (6 * wide)) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	
	for i = 0 : 1 : wide  {
		s $bit(first, 8 - i) = 1 
	} 
	s firstDecimal =  ..bit2Decimal(first)
	q firstDecimal
}
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).Main("YX").%ToJSON()
ClassMethod Main(str)
{
	s steam = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New()
	d steam.Write(str)
	q ..Char2Bytes(steam)
}

YX> w ##class(M.String2Base64).Main("YX").%ToJSON()
[89,88]
YX>w ##class(M.String2Base64).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
[229,167,154,233,145,171]
  1. 基于此结果进行转换。
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).String2Base64("姚鑫")
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).String2Base64("YX")
ClassMethod String2Base64(str)
{
	#; base64转换对照表
	s map = $lb(
				"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P",
				"Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f",
				"g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v",
				"w", "x", "y", "z", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "+", "/"
			)
			
	#; 声明流对象写入字符串。
	#dim steam  as %GlobalCharacterStream = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New()
	d steam.Write(str)
	
	#; 获取UTF8字节十进制字节数组。
	#dim bytes as %DynamicArray = ..Char2Bytes(steam)
	w bytes.%ToJSON(),!
	
	#; 把二进制字节保存到流里
	#dim saveBit as %GlobalCharacterStream  = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New() 
	s target = ""
	for i = 0 : 1 : bytes.%Size() - 1 {
		s bit = $factor(bytes.%Get(i))
		for j = 8 : -1 : 1 {
			d saveBit.Write($bit(bit,j))
		}
	}

	#; 每次取6位,并根据对照表查找值,进行输出。
	while 'saveBit.AtEnd {
		s byte6Str = saveBit.Read(6)
		s byte6 = ""
		w byte6Str,!
		for i = 1 : 1 : 6 {
			s $bit(byte6, 7 - i) =  $e(byte6Str, i)
		}
		s decimal = ..bit2Decimal(byte6)
		s target = target _ $lg(map,decimal + 1)
		
	}
	
	q target
}
  • 输出结果与原生验证一致。
YX>w ##class(M.String2Base64).String2Base64("YX")
[89,88]
010110
010101
1000
WVg
YX>w ##class(M.String2Base64).String2Base64("姚鑫")
[229,167,154,233,145,171]
111001
011010
011110
011010
111010
011001
000110
101011
5aea6ZGr

思考:这里可以思考补位时不足如何加上=

完整代码

Class M.String2Base64 Extends %RegisteredObject
{

/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).MainBase64("姚鑫")
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).MainBase64("YX")
ClassMethod MainBase64(str)
{
	#; base64转换对照表
	s map = $lb(
				"A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O", "P",
				"Q", "R", "S", "T", "U", "V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f",
				"g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v",
				"w", "x", "y", "z", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "+", "/"
			)
			
	#; 声明流对象写入字符串。
	#dim steam  as %GlobalCharacterStream = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New()
	d steam.Write(str)
	
	#; 获取UTF8字节十进制字节数组。
	#dim bytes as %DynamicArray = ..Char2Bytes(steam)
	w bytes.%ToJSON(),!
	
	#; 把二进制字节保存到流里
	#dim saveBit as %GlobalCharacterStream  = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New() 
	s target = ""
	for i = 0 : 1 : bytes.%Size() - 1 {
		s bit = $factor(bytes.%Get(i))
		for j = 8 : -1 : 1 {
			d saveBit.Write($bit(bit,j))
		}
	}

	#; 每次取6位,并根据对照表查找值,进行输出。
	while 'saveBit.AtEnd {
		s byte6Str = saveBit.Read(6)
		s byte6 = ""
		w byte6Str,!
		for i = 1 : 1 : 6 {
			s $bit(byte6, 7 - i) =  $e(byte6Str, i)
		}
		s decimal = ..bit2Decimal(byte6)
		s target = target _ $lg(map,decimal + 1)
		
	}
	
	q target
}

/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).Main("YX").%ToJSON()
ClassMethod Main(str)
{
	s steam = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New()
	d steam.Write(str)
	q ..Char2Bytes(steam)
}

ClassMethod Char2Bytes(stream As %GlobalCharacterStream)
{
	#define ASCII128 128
	#define ASCII2048 2048
	#define ASCII65536 65536
	s bytes = []
	while 'stream.AtEnd {
		s char = $a(stream.Read(1))
		s bit = $factor(char)
		if (char < $$$ASCII128) {
			d bytes.%Push(char)
		} elseif ((char >= $$$ASCII128) && (char < $$$ASCII2048)) {
			d bytes.%Push(..GetHighByte(bit, 1))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 0))
			
		} elseif ((char >= $$$ASCII2048) && (char < $$$ASCII65536)) {
			d bytes.%Push(..GetHighByte(bit, 2))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 6))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 0))
		} else {
			d bytes.%Push(..GetHighByte(bit, 3))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 12))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 6))
			d bytes.%Push(..GetOffsetByte(bit, 0))
		}
	}
	q bytes
}

ClassMethod GetOffsetByte(bit, offset)
{
	s first = ""
	for i = 1 + offset : 1 : 6 + offset {
		s $bit(first, i - offset) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	s $bit(first, 7) = 0 
	s $bit(first, 8) = 1 
	s firstDecimal =  ..bit2Decimal(first)
	q firstDecimal
}

ClassMethod GetHighByte(bit, wide)
{
	s first = ""
	for i = (6 * wide + 1) : 1 : ((6 *  (wide + 1) - wide)) {
		s $bit(first, i - (6 * wide)) = $bit(bit, i) 
	}
	
	for i = 0 : 1 : wide  {
		s $bit(first, 8 - i) = 1 
	} 
	s firstDecimal =  ..bit2Decimal(first)
	q firstDecimal
}

ClassMethod bit2Decimal(bit)
{
	s decimal = 0
	for i = 1 : 1 : $bitcount(bit) {
		s num = $bit(bit, i)
		if (num = 1 ){
			s decimal = decimal + $zpower(2, i - 1)
		}
	}
  	q decimal
}

/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).Base64Encryption("姚鑫")
/// w ##class(M.String2Base64).Base64Encryption("YX")
ClassMethod Base64Encryption(str As %String, capital As %String = "U")
{
	/* 字符串有汉字需要转换UTF-8 */
	s ret = $zcvt(str, "O", "UTF8")
	s ret = ##class(%SYSTEM.Encryption).Base64Encode(ret)
	q ret
}

}

参考

utf8和字节数组的转换

ascii 和 byte以及UTF-8的转码规则

BASE64编码

base64解码 base64编码 在线base64解码/编码工具

UTF-8编码转换 UTF-8转换工具 在线UTF-8编码汉字互转工具

字符文本转二进制_汇享在线工具箱

javascript进行base64加密,解密

  • 另外一种字符串和字节的互相转换。

参考:js字符串和字节的互相转换

Class M.String2Bytes1 Extends %RegisteredObject
{

/// w ##class(M.String2Bytes1).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
ClassMethod Main(str)
{
	s steam = ##class(%GlobalCharacterStream).%New()
	d steam.Write(str)
	q ..Stream2Bytes(steam)
}

/// 字符转字节数组
ClassMethod Stream2Bytes(stream)
{
	s array = []  	
	while 'stream.AtEnd {
		s char = $a(stream.Read(1))
  		if (char < 128) {
	  		#;8位(ASCII)字符
      		d array.%Push(char)
    	} elseif ((char > 127) && (char < 2048)) {
      		#; ba[n++] = (c >> 6) | 192;
      		#; ba[n++] = (c & 63) | 128;
      		s bit = $factor(char)
      		s bit128 = $factor(128)
      		s bit192 = $factor(192)
      		s bit63 = $factor(63)
      		s bitOffset6 = ..Offset(bit, 6)
      		
      		s a1 = $bitlogic(bitOffset6|bit192)
      		
      		s a21 = $bitlogic(bit&bit63)
      		s a2 = $bitlogic(a21|bit128)
      		
   			d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a1) - 256)
   			d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a2) - 256)
      
    	} elseif ((char > 2047) && (char < 65536)) {
      		#; ba[n++] = (c >> 12) | 224;
      		#; ba[n++] = ((c >> 6) & 63) | 128;
      		#; ba[n++] = (c & 63) | 128;
			
			s bit224 = $factor(224)
  			s bit63 = $factor(63)
  			s bit128 = $factor(128)
  	
      		s bit = $factor(char)
		  	s bitOffset12 = ..Offset(bit, 12)
		  	s bitOffset6 = ..Offset(bit, 6)
		  	
		  	s a1 = $bitlogic(bitOffset12|bit224)
		  	
	        s a21 = $bitlogic(bitOffset6&bit63)
	        s a2 = $bitlogic(a21|bit128)
	        
	        s a31 = $bitlogic(bit&bit63)
	        s a3 = $bitlogic(a31|bit128)
	        
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a1) - 256)
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a2) - 256)
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a3) - 256)
      		
    	}else {
      		#; ba[n++] = (c >> 18) | 240;
      		#; ba[n++] = ((c >> 12) & 63) | 128;
      		#; ba[n++] = ((c >> 6) & 63) | 128;
      	    #; ba[n++] = (c & 63) | 128;
      		s bit=$factor(char)
      		
      		s bit240 = $factor(240)
  			s bit63 = $factor(63)
  			s bit128 = $factor(128)
      		
      		s bitOffset18 = ..Offset(bit, 18)
      		s bitOffset12 = ..Offset(bit, 12)
      		s bitOffset6 = ..Offset(bit, 6)
      		
      		s a1 = $bitlogic(bitOffset18|bit240)
		  	
	        s a21 = $bitlogic(bitOffset12&bit63)
	        s a2 = $bitlogic(a21|bit128)
	        
	        s a31 = $bitlogic(bitOffset6&bit63)
	        s a3 = $bitlogic(a31|bit128)
      		
      		s a41 = $bitlogic(bit&bit63)
      		s a4 = $bitlogic(a41|bit128)
      		
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a1) - 256)
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a2) - 256)
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a3) - 256)
      		d array.%Push(..Bit2Decimal(a4) - 256)
    	}
	}
	q array
}

/// 位移
ClassMethod Offset(char, offset)
{
	s bit = $factor(0)
	for i = 64 : -1 : 1{
  		s pos = i - offset
  		if pos > 0 {
      		s $bit(bit, pos) = $bit(char, i)
      	}
  	}
  	q bit
}

/// 位转10进制
ClassMethod Bit2Decimal(char)
{
	s decimal = 0
	for i = 64 : -1 : 1{
      	s bit = $bit(char, i)
      	if bit = 1{
	      s decimal = decimal + (2 ** (i - 1))	
	    }
  	}
  	q decimal
}

}

YX>w ##class(M.String2Bytes1).Main("YX").%ToJSON()
[89,88]
YX 3e1> w ##class(M.String2Bytes1).Main("姚鑫").%ToJSON()
[-27,-89,-102,-23,-111,-85]
本文含有隐藏内容,请 开通VIP 后查看

网站公告

今日签到

点亮在社区的每一天
去签到