【C++】类和对象之日期类的实现(构造、运算符重载)

发布于:2025-04-21 ⋅ 阅读:(79) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

一、日期类要实现的函数

类名为Date

bool CheckDate(); //检查所用日期是否合法(有无越界)

Date(int year = 1, int month = 1, int day = 1);//全缺省构造函数(初始化)

Date(const Date& d);  //拷贝构造

int GetMonthDay(int year, int month);//获取某年某月的天数

void Print() const;//打印日期

//运算符重载

Date& operator+=(int day);
Date operator+(int day) const;// 加const后第一个参数变为了const Date* const this (第一个const),this指向的内容就不能被改变
Date& operator-=(int day);
Date operator-(int day) const;

//++d1(前置加加)
Date operator++();
//d1++(后置加加)为了区分前置和后置加加,规定后置加加要有形参
Date operator++(int);
//--d1
Date operator--();
//d1--
Date operator--(int);
//d1-d2
int operator-(const Date& d) const;

//比较
bool operator<(const Date& d) const;
bool operator==(const Date& d) const;
bool operator!=(const Date& d) const;
bool operator<=(const Date& d) const;
bool operator>=(const Date& d) const;
bool operator>(const Date& d) const;



//流插入
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d);
//流提取
istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);

二、函数实现

若函数写在类的外面,要在函数名前面加 类名::,在Date类中,为Date::

1、GetMonthDay获取对应月份的天数

//获取某年某月的天数
int GetMonthDay(int year, int month)
{	
	//断言,确保月份合法	
	assert(month > 0 && month < 13);

	//下标对应月份                      1  2 3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 12
	static int getmonthDay[13] = { -1,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };  
    //因为该函数(GetMonthDay)会被频繁调用,即会频繁创建数组,将数组放在静态区(static)更好

	//闰年二月有29天
	if (month == 2 && ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0))
		return 29;
		
	return getmonthDay[month];
}

2、CheckDate检查日期

判断month是否在1~12之间,以及该月对应的天数是否符合

//检查传的日期是否正确
bool Date::CheckDate()
{
	if (_month < 1 || _month>12 || _day <1 || _day>GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
		return false;
	else
		return true;
}

3、Date构造函数

//全缺省构造
Date::Date(int year, int month, int day)
{
	_year = year;
	_month = month;
	_day = day;
	if (!CheckDate())
	{
		cout << "非法日期:" << endl;
		Print();
	}

}

//拷贝构造
Date::Date(const Date& d)
{
	//将d拷贝给要构造的对象
	_year = d._year;
	_month = d._month;
	_day = d._day;
}

4、Print打印日期

void Date::Print() const
{
	cout << _year << "/" << _month << "/" << _day << endl;
}

5、运算符重载

1. += 、+、-=、-


//d1+=day(将d1直接改变了)
Date& Date::operator+=(int day)
{
	//day可能为负
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this -= (-day);
	}
	_day += day;
	while (_day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		_day -= GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
		_month++;
		if (_month == 13)
		{
			_month = 1;
			_year ++;
		}
	}
	return *this;
}

//d1+day(d1的值不变)
Date Date::operator+(int day) const
{
	Date tmp = *this;//拷贝构造
	tmp += day;
	return tmp;
}

//d1-=day(d1被改变了)
Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
{
	//day可能为负
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this += (-day);
	}
	//用-=复用-
	//*this = *this-day;
	//return *this;
	_day -= day;
	while (_day <= 0) //_day>0合法
	{
		_month--;
		//_month为1月
		if (_month == 0)
		{
			_month = 12;
			_year--;
		}
		_day += GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
	}
	return *this;
}
//d1-day(d1不变)
Date Date::operator-(int day) const
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	tmp -= day;
	return tmp;
}

2. 前置++/–、后置++/–

//++d1(表达式++d1的值改变,但d1自增)
Date Date::operator++()
{
	*this += 1;
	return *this;
}
//d1++(表达式d1++的值不变,但d1自增)
Date Date::operator++(int)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	*this += 1;
	return tmp; //表达式的值不变,但d1自增
}

Date Date::operator--()
{
	*this -= 1;
	return *this;
}
Date Date::operator--(int)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	*this -= 1;
	return tmp;
}

3. 两个日期类相减(求相差日期)

//d1-d2
int Date::operator-(const Date& d)const
{
	int n = 0;
	int flag = 1;
	Date max = *this;
	Date min = d;
	if (*this < d)
	{
		max = d;
		min = *this;
		flag = -1;
	}
	while (min != max)
	{
		++min; 
		++n;
	}
	return n * flag;  //如果d1>d2 ,flag=1,天数相差为正数
	                  //如果d1<d2 ,flag=-1,天数相差为负数
}

6、比较

//写两个比较运算符重载,剩下的都可以通过复用这两个来完成
bool Date::operator<(const Date& d)const
{
	if (_year < d._year)
	{
		return true;
	}
	else if (_year == d._year)
	{
		if (_month < d._month)
			return true;
		else if (_month == d._month)
			return _day < d._day;
	}
	return false;//剩下的全为false
}
bool Date::operator==(const Date& d)const
{
	return _year == d._year && _month == d._month && _day == d._day;
}

bool Date::operator<=(const Date& d)const
{ // d1<=d2  即 *this<=d
	return *this < d || *this == d;
}
bool Date::operator>(const Date& d)const
{
	return !(*this <= d);
}
bool Date::operator>=(const Date& d)const
{
	return *this > d || *this == d;
}
bool Date::operator!=(const Date& d)const
{
	return  _year != d._year || _month != d._month || _day != d._day;
}

7、流插入、流提取(输入输出)

若重载函数写在类的外面,要在类中加入友元函数声明,使其可以访问类的成员变量(private)

//友元函数声明
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d);
friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);
//流插入
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d)
{
	out << d._year << "年" << d._month << "月" << d._day << "日" << endl; 
	return out;//能够连续打印
}    //cout << d1 << d2;流插入是从左往右赋值
	 //返回out后,相当于将cout<<d1变为了out,此时,变为了out<<d2 ,进而将d2打印出来了!

//流提取
istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d)
{
	有非法日期时无法判断
	//cout << "请依次输入年月日:>";
	//in >> d._year >> d._month >> d._day;

	while (1)
	{
		cout << "请依次输入年月日:>";
		in >> d._year >> d._month >> d._day;

		if (!d.CheckDate())
		{
			
			cout << "该输入日期非法:";
			d.Print();
			cout << "请重新输入!!!" << endl;
		}
		else
			break;
	}
	return in;
}

三、完整代码

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1
#include<iostream>
#include<assert.h>
using namespace std;

class Date
{
	//友元函数声明
	friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d);
	friend istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d);
public:
	bool CheckDate();
	//全缺省构造函数
	Date(int year = 1, int month = 1, int day = 1);
	//打印
	void Print() const;
	//拷贝构造
	Date(const Date& d);
	
	//获取某年某月的天数(直接在头文件中写,默认是内联函数inline)
	int GetMonthDay(int year, int month)
	{		
		assert(month > 0 && month < 13);

		//下标对应月份                      1  2 3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 12
		static int getmonthDay[13] = { -1,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };  
		//因为该函数会被频繁调用,即会频繁创建数组,要放在静态区更好static

		//闰年二月有29天
		if (month == 2 && ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || year % 400 == 0))
			return 29;
		return getmonthDay[month];
	}
	//日期的加、减
	Date& operator+=(int day);
	Date operator+(int day) const;// 加const后第一个参数变为了const Date* const this (第一个const),this指向的内容就不能被改变
	Date& operator-=(int day);
	Date operator-(int day) const;

	//比较
	bool operator<(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator==(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator!=(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator<=(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator>=(const Date& d) const;
	bool operator>(const Date& d) const;

	//前/后置 ++
	//后置++增加一个int形参(实际上编译器并不接收该形参),与前置++构成函数重载
	//++d1
	Date operator++();
	//d1++
	Date operator++(int);
	Date operator--();
	Date operator--(int);

	//d1-d2
	int operator-(const Date& d) const;

	//流插入运算符重载  ,不符合用户习惯
	//void operator<<(ostream& out); 
private:
	int _year;
	int _month;
	int _day;


};

//检查传的日期是否正确
bool Date::CheckDate()
{
	if (_month < 1 || _month>12 || _day <1 || _day>GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
		return false;
	else
		return true;
}
//全缺省构造
Date::Date(int year, int month, int day)
{
	_year = year;
	_month = month;
	_day = day;
	if (!CheckDate())
	{
		cout << "非法日期:" << endl;
		Print();
	}

}
//拷贝构造
Date::Date(const Date& d)
{
	//将d拷贝给要构造的对象
	_year = d._year;
	_month = d._month;
	_day = d._day;
}

void Date::Print() const
{
	cout << _year << "/" << _month << "/" << _day << endl;
}

//d1+=day(将d1直接改变了)
Date& Date::operator+=(int day)
{
	//day可能为负
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this -= (-day);
	}
	_day += day;
	while (_day > GetMonthDay(_year, _month))
	{
		_day -= GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
		_month++;
		if (_month == 13)
		{
			_month = 1;
			_year ++;
		}
	}
	return *this;
}

//d1+day(这里的d1不变)
Date Date::operator+(int day) const
{
	Date tmp = *this;//拷贝构造
	tmp += day;
	return tmp;
}

Date& Date::operator-=(int day)
{
	//day可能为负
	if (day < 0)
	{
		return *this += (-day);
	}
	//用-=复用-
	//*this = *this-day;
	//return *this;
	_day -= day;
	while (_day <= 0) //_day>0合法
	{
		_month--;
		//_month为1月
		if (_month == 0)
		{
			_month = 12;
			_year--;
		}
		_day += GetMonthDay(_year, _month);
	}
	return *this;
}
Date Date::operator-(int day) const
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	tmp -= day;
	return tmp;
}

bool Date::operator<(const Date& d)const
{
	if (_year < d._year)
	{
		return true;
	}
	else if (_year == d._year)
	{
		if (_month < d._month)
			return true;
		else if (_month == d._month)
			return _day < d._day;
	}
	return false;//剩下的全为false
}
bool Date::operator==(const Date& d)const
{
	return _year == d._year && _month == d._month && _day == d._day;
}
bool Date::operator!=(const Date& d)const
{
	return  _year != d._year || _month != d._month || _day != d._day;
}
bool Date::operator<=(const Date& d)const
{ // d1<=d2  即 *this<=d
	return *this < d || *this == d;
}
bool Date::operator>(const Date& d)const
{
	return !(*this <= d);
}
bool Date::operator>=(const Date& d)const
{
	return *this > d || *this == d;
}

//++d1
Date Date::operator++()
{
	*this += 1;
	return *this;
}
//d1++
Date Date::operator++(int)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	*this += 1;
	return tmp; //表达式的值不变,但d1自增
}
Date Date::operator--()
{
	*this -= 1;
	return *this;
}
Date Date::operator--(int)
{
	Date tmp = *this;
	*this -= 1;
	return tmp;
}

//d1-d2
int Date::operator-(const Date& d)const
{
	int n = 0;
	int flag = 1;
	Date max = *this;
	Date min = d;
	if (*this < d)
	{
		max = d;
		min = *this;
		flag = -1;
	}
	while (min != max)
	{
		++min; 
		++n;
	}
	return n * flag;  //如果d1>d2 ,flag=1,天数相差为正数
	                  //如果d1<d2 ,flag=-1,天数相差为负数
}

//void Date::operator<<(ostream& out)
//{
//	out << _year << "年" << _month << "月" << _day << "日" << endl;
//}

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Date& d)
{
	out << d._year << "年" << d._month << "月" << d._day << "日" << endl; 
	return out;//能够连续打印
}    //cout << d1 << d2;流插入是从左往右赋值
	 //返回out后,相当于将cout<<d1变为了out,此时,变为了out<<d2 ,进而将d2打印出来了!
istream& operator>>(istream& in, Date& d)
{
	有非法日期时无法判断
	//cout << "请依次输入年月日:>";
	//in >> d._year >> d._month >> d._day;

	while (1)
	{
		cout << "请依次输入年月日:>";
		in >> d._year >> d._month >> d._day;

		if (!d.CheckDate())
		{
			
			cout << "该输入日期非法:";
			d.Print();
			cout << "请重新输入!!!" << endl;
		}
		else
			break;
	}
	return in;
}

//测试
//成员函数的const要放到参数列表的后面
void Test01()
{  //+= 、 +
	Date a(2025, 4, 13);
	Date tmp = a + 100;  //或 Date tmp(a+100);
	a.Print();
	tmp.Print();

	a += 10000;
	a.Print();
}
void Test02()
{  //-= 、 -
	Date a(2025, 4, 14);
	a -= 100;
	a.Print();
}

void Test03()
{
	Date a(2025, 4, 14);
	Date b(2024, 4, 14);
	cout << (a < b) << endl;
}

void Test04()
{
	Date a(2025, 4, 14);
	/*Date tmp1 = a++;
	a.Print();
	tmp1.Print();*/

	Date tmp2 = ++a;  // a.operator++();
	a.Print();
	tmp2.Print();
}

void Test05()
{   //a、b相差多少天
	Date a(2025, 4, 15);
	Date b(2024, 4, 31);
	cout << (a - b) << endl;
}

void Test06()
{
	Date d1;
	Date d2;
	//cout<<d1;
	//d1 << cout;
	//void operator<<(ostream & out); 参数列表有一个隐含的this指针,this为第一个参数,而out为第二个,故传参的时候,要将d1写在前面
	//cout << d1 << d2;//有return可以实现连续打印
	cin >> d1 >> d2;
	cout << d1 - d2 << endl;
}
int main()
{
	//Test01();
	//Test02();
	//Test03();
	Test06();
	return 0;
}

三、谢谢观看!


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