一、形容词核心知识详解
(一)形容词的构成方式(附记忆技巧)
1. 后缀派生法(9 大核心后缀)
① -ly 结尾形容词(易混副词,重点记忆)
✅ 特点:虽以 - ly 结尾,但本质为形容词,描述事物属性
✅ 高频词:
- deadly(致命的)→ a deadly accident 致命事故
- lonely(孤独的)→ live lonely 独居(注意:lonely 既可作表语也可作定语,如 a lonely house)
- friendly(友好的)→ a friendly smile 友好的微笑
⚠️ 陷阱:friendly 虽以 - ly 结尾,但副词形式仍为 friendly(口语常用),或用 in a friendly way 更正式
② -y 结尾形容词(自然现象 + 抽象概念)
✅ 规则:名词 + y,表 "有… 特征"
✅ 高频词:
- sun→sunny(阳光的)→ a sunny day 晴天
- wind→windy(多风的)→ a windy morning 多风的早晨
- luck→lucky(幸运的)→ a lucky dog 幸运儿
⚠️ 例外:day→daily(日常的),不是 dayy,需单独记忆
③ -al 结尾形容词(学科 / 国家 / 抽象概念)
✅ 规则:名词 + al,表 "与… 相关"
✅ 高频词:
- nation→national(国家的)→ national flag 国旗
- education→educational(教育的)→ educational resources 教育资源
- nature→natural(自然的)→ natural environment 自然环境
⚠️ 辨析:economic(经济的,如 economic policy)vs economical(节俭的,如 an economical person)
④ -able/-ible 结尾形容词("可… 的")
✅ 规则:及物动词 + able,表具备某种能力
✅ 高频词:
- comfort→comfortable(舒适的)→ a comfortable bed 舒适的床
- adapt→adaptable(可适应的)→ an adaptable student 适应力强的学生
- access→accessible(可到达的)→ accessible resources 可获取的资源
⚠️ 特例:possible(可能的),来自拉丁语词根,需单独记
⑤ -ful/-less 结尾形容词(正反义对记)
✅ 规则:名词 + ful 表 "充满…",+less 表 "无…"
✅ 高频对词:
- help→helpful(有帮助的)vs helpless(无助的)
- use→useful(有用的)vs useless(无用的)
- hope→hopeful(有希望的)vs hopeless(无望的)
⚠️ 用法:These tips are helpful. / The patient was helpless.
⑥ -ish 结尾形容词("略带… 的",含轻微贬义)
✅ 规则:名词 + ish,表 "类似… 特征"
✅ 高频词:
- child→childish(孩子气的)→ a childish idea 幼稚的想法
- fool→foolish(愚蠢的)→ a foolish mistake 愚蠢的错误
- self→selfish(自私的)→ a selfish person 自私的人
⚠️ 中性词:bookish(书生气的)→ a bookish boy 爱读书的男孩
2. 分词转化法(-ing/-ed 形容词核心区分)
① -ing 形容词(事物特征,"令人… 的")
✅ 主语多为物,描述事物本身的性质
✅ 高频词:
- interesting(有趣的)→ an interesting movie 有趣的电影
- tiring(累人的)→ a tiring job 累人的工作
- surprising(令人惊讶的)→ a surprising result 令人惊讶的结果
② -ed 形容词(人的感受,"感到… 的")
✅ 主语多为人,描述主观情绪
✅ 高频词:
- interested(感兴趣的)→ be interested in 对… 感兴趣
- tired(疲惫的)→ feel tired 感到疲惫
- surprised(感到惊讶的)→ be surprised at 对… 感到惊讶
⚠️ 经典例句:
The exciting game made us excited.(令人兴奋的比赛让我们兴奋)
She was moved by the moving story.(她被感人的故事感动)
3. 复合构词法(6 大组合方式)
① 数词 + 名词 + 形容词
✅ 结构:数词 - 名词 - 形容词,名词用单数
✅ 例子:
- five-year-old(五岁的)→ a five-year-old girl 五岁女孩
- ten-minute-long(十分钟的)→ a ten-minute-long video 十分钟视频
② 形容词 + 名词 + ed
✅ 结构:形容词 - 名词 - ed,表 "具有… 特征"
✅ 例子:
- warm-hearted(热心的)→ a warm-hearted teacher 热心的老师
- cold-blooded(冷血的)→ a cold-blooded animal 冷血动物
③ 副词 + 过去分词
✅ 结构:副词 - 过去分词,表 "被… 的"
✅ 例子:
- well-known(著名的)→ a well-known writer 著名作家
- newly-built(新建的)→ a newly-built school 新建的学校
(二)形容词的分类(语法功能全解)
1. 按用途分类(决定能否比较)
① 性质形容词(可比较级 / 最高级)
✅ 特点:描述事物固有性质,可分程度
✅ 例子:
- tall→taller→tallest
- beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
✅ 考点:比较级修饰词(much/a little/even)
▶ He is much taller than me.(他比我高得多)
② 类属形容词(不可比较)
✅ 特点:表事物类别,无程度差异
✅ 例子:
- daily(日常的)→ daily life 日常生活
- local(本地的)→ local culture 本地文化
- medical(医学的)→ medical care 医疗护理
⚠️ 错误用法:more daily(×),因为类属形容词不能用程度副词修饰
③ 颜色形容词(简单直接)
✅ 例子:
- black(黑色的)→ a black cat 黑猫
- yellow(黄色的)→ a yellow flower 黄花
✅ 拓展:复合颜色词(带连字符)
▶ dark-blue(深蓝色的)→ a dark-blue shirt 深蓝色衬衫
④ 强调形容词(表极端状态)
✅ 特点:语义强烈,多为 "绝对概念"
✅ 例子:
- perfect(完美的)→ a perfect plan 完美计划
- absolute(绝对的)→ absolute truth 绝对真理
- entire(完全的)→ entire support 完全支持
⚠️ 错误用法:more perfect(×),因为 perfect 已是极致
2. 按语义分类(决定句型搭配)
① 静态形容词(不可进行时)
✅ 特点:描述固有属性,不随时间变化
✅ 例子:
- small(小的)→ a small room 小房间
- difficult(困难的)→ a difficult problem 难题
✅ 句型:It's + adj. + for sb. to do sth.
▶ It's difficult for us to learn math.(对我们来说学数学难)
② 动态形容词(可进行时)
✅ 特点:描述临时状态,可表 "此刻行为"
✅ 例子:
- clever(聪明的)→ a clever boy 聪明男孩
- friendly(友好的)→ a friendly neighbor 友好邻居
✅ 句型:It's + adj. + of sb. to do sth.
▶ It's clever of him to solve the problem.(他解决问题真聪明)
✅ 进行时用法:He is being friendly today.(他今天刻意表现友好)
(三)形容词的用法(实战考点)
1. 作定语(前置 / 后置规则)
① 前置定语(大多数情况)
✅ 结构:形容词 + 名词
✅ 例子:
- a beautiful girl 美丽的女孩
- an interesting story 有趣的故事
- a dangerous animal 危险的动物
② 后置定语(3 种特殊情况)
✅ 情况 1:修饰复合不定代词
▶ something important 重要的事
▶ nothing interesting 没趣的事
✅ 情况 2:a - 开头的形容词
▶ the man alive 活着的男人
▶ the child awake 醒着的孩子
✅ 情况 3:形容词短语作定语
▶ a girl suitable for the job 适合这份工作的女孩
▶ a book difficult to understand 难理解的书
2. 作表语(系动词后)
✅ 系动词分类:
- be 动词:am/is/are/was/were
- 感官动词:look/sound/smell/taste/feel
- 变化动词:become/get/turn/grow
✅ 例子: - She looks happy.(她看起来开心)
- The cake tastes delicious.(蛋糕尝起来美味)
- The weather became cold.(天气变冷了)
3. 特殊词 enough 的用法
✅ 作形容词(修饰名词):位置灵活
▶ enough time = time enough 足够的时间
✅ 作副词(修饰形容词 / 副词):必须后置
▶ good enough 足够好
▶ quickly enough 足够快
✅ 例句:
- I have enough money to buy the book.(我有足够钱买书)
- The room is big enough for five people.(房间足够大容纳五人)
(四)多个形容词排序(口诀实战)
1. 口诀拆解:美小圆旧黄,中国木书房
① 美(描述性形容词)
✅ 观点、品质:beautiful/ugly/nice/terrible
② 小(大小 / 长短 / 高低)
✅ 尺寸:small/big/long/short/tall
③ 圆(形状)
✅ 形状:round/square/rectangular
④ 旧(新旧 / 年龄)
✅ 时间:old/new/young/ancient
⑤ 黄(颜色)
✅ 色彩:red/blue/yellow/white
⑥ 中国(来源 / 国籍)
✅ 产地:Chinese/American/Japanese
⑦ 木(材料)
✅ 材质:wooden/metallic/silky
⑧ 书房(用途)
✅ 功能:reading/writing/office
2. 实战例子
例子 1:排列下列形容词修饰 "car"
beautiful, red, Chinese, small, new
✅ 正确顺序:a beautiful small new red Chinese car
(美丽的小的新的红色的中国汽车)
例子 2:a __________ desk
A. wooden round old Chinese
B. old round Chinese wooden
C. round old wooden Chinese
D. Chinese old round wooden
✅ 答案:B(旧的圆的中国木制书桌),按 "旧→圆→国籍→材料"
(五)词义辨析与介词搭配(高频考点)
1. 近形词辨析(5 组核心)
① respectful vs respected vs respectable
- respectful(对人尊敬的):be respectful to others 尊重他人
- respected(受尊敬的):a respected professor 受尊敬的教授
- respectable(值得尊敬的):a respectable old man 值得尊敬的老人
② special vs specific
- special(特别的):强调 "独特性"
▶ a special gift 特别的礼物 - specific(具体的):强调 "细节明确"
▶ a specific plan 具体的计划
③ empty vs blank vs vacant
- empty(空无内容):empty bottles 空瓶子
- blank(空白待填):blank paper 白纸
- vacant(空缺未用):vacant position 空缺职位
④ hard vs hardly
- hard(努力地 / 猛烈地):work hard 努力工作
- hardly(几乎不):hardly sleep 几乎不睡觉
⑤ late vs lately
- late(晚 / 迟):arrive late 迟到
- lately(最近):lately feel tired 最近感到累
2. 介词搭配(3 大方向)
① 形容词 + about(关于事物)
- be angry about 因… 生气
▶ angry about the result 因结果生气 - be worried about 为… 担忧
▶ worried about exams 为考试担忧 - be particular about 对… 挑剔
▶ particular about food 对食物挑剔
② 形容词 + in(内在状态)
- be absorbed in 专注于…
▶ absorbed in reading 专注阅读 - be rich in 富含…
▶ rich in resources 资源丰富 - be lacking in 缺乏…
▶ lacking in confidence 缺乏自信
③ 形容词 + with(情感对象)
- be familiar with 熟悉…
▶ familiar with the city 熟悉这座城市 - be patient with 对… 有耐心
▶ patient with children 对孩子有耐心 - be popular with 受… 欢迎
▶ popular with students 受学生欢迎
二、副词核心知识详解
(一)副词的分类(6 大类型)
1. 时间副词(回答 "何时")
✅ 例子:
- already(已经):He has already left.
- yet(还):Not yet.
- yesterday(昨天):arrive yesterday
- soon(很快):come soon
2. 频度副词(回答 "多久一次")
✅ 例子:
- always(总是):always get up early
- usually(通常):usually have breakfast
- sometimes(有时):sometimes go hiking
- never(从不):never tell lies
⚠️ 位置:实义动词前,be / 助动词后
▶ He always helps others. / She is often late.
3. 地点副词(回答 "何地")
✅ 例子:
- here(这里):stay here
- there(那里):go there
- abroad(在国外):study abroad
- everywhere(到处):look everywhere
4. 方式副词(回答 "如何")
✅ 例子:
- quickly(快速地):run quickly
- carefully(仔细地):write carefully
- well(好地):sing well
- hard(努力地):work hard
5. 程度副词(回答 "多深")
✅ 例子:
- very(非常):very happy
- much(… 得多):much better
- a little(一点):a little tired
- quite(相当):quite good
6. 句子副词(修饰全句)
✅ 例子:
- luckily(幸运地):Luckily, he passed.
- however(然而):However, it's difficult.
- therefore(因此):Therefore, we need to act.
(二)副词的位置(4 大规则)
1. 修饰动词时
✅ 方式副词:通常句尾
▶ He speaks English fluently.(他英语说得流利)
✅ 频度副词:实义动词前,be / 助动词后
▶ She often goes shopping. / He is always late.
2. 修饰形容词 / 副词时
✅ 位置:形容词 / 副词前
▶ very beautiful(非常美丽)
▶ extremely quickly(极其快速)
3. 句子副词时
✅ 位置:句首(后加逗号)
▶ Fortunately, the weather was good.(幸运的是,天气很好)
4. 多个副词排列时
✅ 顺序:方式副词→地点副词→时间副词
▶ He danced beautifully on the stage last night.(他昨晚在舞台上跳舞很美)
(三)词义辨析(高频易混)
1. sometime vs sometimes vs some time
- sometime(某时):I'll visit you sometime.(我某时会拜访你)
- sometimes(有时):Sometimes I read books.(有时我看书)
- some time(一段时间):need some time 需一段时间
2. so vs such
- so + adj. + a/an + 单数名词
▶ so big a house = such a big house - so + many/few + 可数名词复数
▶ so many books 如此多书 - so + much/little + 不可数名词
▶ so little money 如此少钱 - such + adj. + 可数复数 / 不可数名词
▶ such beautiful flowers 如此美丽的花
3. too vs either
- too(也):肯定句,句尾
▶ I like coffee too. - either(也):否定句,句尾
▶ I don't like tea either.
三、比较等级全攻略
(一)原级用法(2 大结构)
1. as + 原级 + as(和… 一样)
✅ 例子:
- Tom is as tall as Jim.(汤姆和吉姆一样高)
- This book is as interesting as that one.(这本书和那本一样有趣)
2. not as/so + 原级 + as(不如…)
✅ 例子:
- She is not as tall as her sister.(她不如姐姐高)
- The movie is not so exciting as I thought.(电影不如我想的刺激)
(二)比较级用法(规则 + 结构)
1. 规则变化(4 类)
- 一般 + er:tall→taller
- 以 e 结尾 + r:nice→nicer
- 辅音 + y→i+er:happy→happier
- 重读闭音节双写 + er:big→bigger
2. 不规则变化(必背 7 组)
- good/well→better→best
- bad/badly→worse→worst
- many/much→more→most
- little→less→least
- far→farther(距离)/further(程度)→farthest/furthest
- old→older(年龄)/elder(长幼)→oldest/eldest
3. 常用结构(4 种)
- 比较级 + than:He is taller than me.
- the + 比较级,the + 比较级:The more, the better.(越多越好)
- 比较级 + and + 比较级:He becomes stronger and stronger.(他越来越强壮)
- 修饰词 + 比较级:much/a little/even
▶ much better 好得多 /a little taller 高一点
(三)最高级用法(规则 + 句型)
1. 规则变化(同比较级,+est 或 most)
- tall→tallest
- beautiful→most beautiful
2. 句型结构
- the + 最高级 + in/of:
▶ He is the tallest in the class.(他是班里最高的)
▶ This is the most interesting book of all.(这是所有书中最有趣的)
(四)倍数表达法(3 种)
- 倍数 + as + 原级 + as
▶ The room is twice as big as that one.(房间是那个的两倍大) - 倍数 + 比较级 + than
▶ He is three times older than me.(他比我大三倍) - 倍数 + the size/height/length of
▶ The road is four times the length of that one.(这条路是那条的四倍长)
四、专升本实战考点总结
(一)形容词必考考点
- -ing/-ed 形容词区分:物用 - ing,人用 - ed
▶ The ______ (excite) news made us ______ (excite).(exciting; excited) - 类属形容词无比较级:local/daily 不可加 more
- 后置定语情况:修饰不定代词或 a - 开头形容词
- 多个形容词排序:按 "美小圆旧黄" 口诀
- 介词搭配:be absorbed in/be patient with 等固定短语
(二)副词必考考点
- 频度副词位置:实义动词前,be 动词后
- 近形词辨析:hard/hardly, late/lately 等
- so/such 用法:so + 形容词,such + 名词
- 副词排列顺序:方式→地点→时间
(三)比较等级必考考点
- 不规则比较级:good→better, bad→worse 等
- the + 比较级,the + 比较级:越… 越…
- 最高级句型:in + 范围,of + 群体
- 倍数表达:twice as big as 等结构
五、真题实战演练
例题 1(形容词排序)
Choose the correct order: a ______ house.
A. big old beautiful
B. beautiful big old
C. old beautiful big
D. big beautiful old
✅ 答案:B,按 "描述性→大小→新旧",即 "美丽的→大的→旧的"
例题 2(-ing/-ed 形容词)
The ______ (tire) job made him ______ (tire).
✅ 答案:tiring; tired(累人的工作让他疲惫)
例题 3(副词辨析)
He works ______ but earns ______.
A. hard; hardly
B. hardly; hard
C. hard; hard
D. hardly; hardly
✅ 答案:A(他努力工作但几乎不挣钱)
例题 4(比较级)
The ______ you study, the ______ grades you get.
A. hard; good
B. harder; better
C. hardest; best
D. hardly; better
✅ 答案:B(the + 比较级,the + 比较级)
通过以上超详细解析,涵盖形容词与副词的所有核心知识点,结合真题例子和记忆技巧,帮助考生全面攻克专升本英语语法难关。建议每天背诵一组易混词,每周练习 5 道排序题,强化记忆效果。