Python实战--基于Django的企业资源管理系统

发布于：2025-08-19 ⋅ 阅读:(21) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

引言

企业资源管理系统（ERP）是现代企业运营的核心工具，它整合了企业的各个业务流程，包括人力资源、财务管理、库存管理、客户关系管理等。本文将详细介绍如何使用Python的Django框架构建一个功能完整的企业资源管理系统，从项目架构设计到具体功能实现，为开发者提供一个完整的实战指南。

项目概述

系统功能模块

我们的ERP系统将包含以下核心模块：

  1. 用户管理模块：用户注册、登录、权限管理
  2. 人力资源模块：员工信息管理、考勤管理、薪资管理
  3. 财务管理模块：收支记录、财务报表、预算管理
  4. 库存管理模块：商品管理、库存监控、采购管理
  5. 客户关系模块：客户信息、销售记录、客户服务
  6. 报表分析模块：数据可视化、业务分析

技术栈选择

  • 后端框架：Django 4.2+
  • 数据库：PostgreSQL
  • 前端技术：Bootstrap 5 + jQuery
  • 缓存系统：Redis
  • 任务队列：Celery
  • 部署方案：Docker + Nginx

项目架构设计

目录结构

erp_system/
├── manage.py
├── requirements.txt
├── docker-compose.yml
├── erp_system/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── settings/
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── base.py
│   │   ├── development.py
│   │   └── production.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── wsgi.py
├── apps/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── users/
│   ├── hr/
│   ├── finance/
│   ├── inventory/
│   ├── crm/
│   └── reports/
├── static/
├── media/
├── templates/
└── utils/

数据库设计

用户模型
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from django.db import models

class User(AbstractUser):
    employee_id = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
    department = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    position = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=20)
    hire_date = models.DateField()
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'users'
员工信息模型
class Employee(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    salary = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
    bank_account = models.CharField(max_length=50)
    emergency_contact = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    address = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'employees'

核心功能实现

1. 用户认证与权限管理

自定义用户认证
# apps/users/views.py
from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib import messages

def user_login(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        username = request.POST['username']
        password = request.POST['password']
        
        user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password)
        if user is not None:
            login(request, user)
            return redirect('dashboard')
        else:
            messages.error(request, '用户名或密码错误')
    
    return render(request, 'users/login.html')

@login_required
def dashboard(request):
    context = {
        'user': request.user,
        'recent_activities': get_recent_activities(request.user)
    }
    return render(request, 'dashboard.html', context)
权限装饰器
# utils/decorators.py
from functools import wraps
from django.http import HttpResponseForbidden
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

def permission_required(permission):
    def decorator(view_func):
        @wraps(view_func)
        @login_required
        def _wrapped_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
            if request.user.has_perm(permission):
                return view_func(request, *args, **kwargs)
            return HttpResponseForbidden('权限不足')
        return _wrapped_view
    return decorator

2. 人力资源管理

员工信息管理
# apps/hr/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
from .models import Employee, Attendance
from .forms import EmployeeForm

@login_required
@permission_required('hr.view_employee')
def employee_list(request):
    employees = Employee.objects.select_related('user').all()
    return render(request, 'hr/employee_list.html', {'employees': employees})

@login_required
@permission_required('hr.add_employee')
def employee_create(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = EmployeeForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            messages.success(request, '员工信息添加成功')
            return redirect('employee_list')
    else:
        form = EmployeeForm()
    
    return render(request, 'hr/employee_form.html', {'form': form})
考勤管理
# apps/hr/models.py
class Attendance(models.Model):
    employee = models.ForeignKey(Employee, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    date = models.DateField()
    check_in = models.TimeField()
    check_out = models.TimeField(null=True, blank=True)
    work_hours = models.DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2, default=0)
    status = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=[
        ('present', '出勤'),
        ('absent', '缺勤'),
        ('late', '迟到'),
        ('leave', '请假')
    ])
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'attendance'
        unique_together = ['employee', 'date']

3. 财务管理模块

财务记录模型
# apps/finance/models.py
class FinanceRecord(models.Model):
    TRANSACTION_TYPES = [
        ('income', '收入'),
        ('expense', '支出'),
    ]
    
    transaction_type = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=TRANSACTION_TYPES)
    amount = models.DecimalField(max_digits=12, decimal_places=2)
    description = models.TextField()
    category = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    date = models.DateField()
    created_by = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'finance_records'
财务报表生成
# apps/finance/views.py
from django.db.models import Sum, Q
from django.utils import timezone
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

@login_required
@permission_required('finance.view_report')
def financial_report(request):
    end_date = timezone.now().date()
    start_date = end_date - timedelta(days=30)
    
    # 收入统计
    income = FinanceRecord.objects.filter(
        transaction_type='income',
        date__range=[start_date, end_date]
    ).aggregate(total=Sum('amount'))['total'] or 0
    
    # 支出统计
    expense = FinanceRecord.objects.filter(
        transaction_type='expense',
        date__range=[start_date, end_date]
    ).aggregate(total=Sum('amount'))['total'] or 0
    
    # 净利润
    profit = income - expense
    
    context = {
        'income': income,
        'expense': expense,
        'profit': profit,
        'start_date': start_date,
        'end_date': end_date
    }
    
    return render(request, 'finance/report.html', context)

4. 库存管理系统

商品模型
# apps/inventory/models.py
class Product(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    sku = models.CharField(max_length=50, unique=True)
    description = models.TextField()
    unit_price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)
    stock_quantity = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    min_stock_level = models.IntegerField(default=10)
    category = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    supplier = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    
    class Meta:
        db_table = 'products'
库存预警系统
# apps/inventory/tasks.py
from celery import shared_task
from django.core.mail import send_mail
from .models import Product

@shared_task
def check_low_stock():
    low_stock_products = Product.objects.filter(
        stock_quantity__lte=models.F('min_stock_level')
    )
    
    if low_stock_products.exists():
        message = "以下商品库存不足：\n"
        for product in low_stock_products:
            message += f"- {product.name}: 当前库存 {product.stock_quantity}\n"
        
        send_mail(
            '库存预警通知',
            message,
            'system@company.com',
            ['manager@company.com'],
            fail_silently=False,
        )

前端界面设计

响应式布局

<!-- templates/base.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>企业资源管理系统</title>
    <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="{% static 'css/custom.css' %}" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
    <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary">
        <div class="container">
            <a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'dashboard' %}">ERP系统</a>
            <div class="navbar-nav ms-auto">
                <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'logout' %}">退出</a>
            </div>
        </div>
    </nav>
    
    <div class="container-fluid">
        <div class="row">
            <nav class="col-md-2 d-md-block bg-light sidebar">
                {% include 'partials/sidebar.html' %}
            </nav>
            <main class="col-md-10 ms-sm-auto px-md-4">
                {% block content %}{% endblock %}
            </main>
        </div>
    </div>
    
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
    <script src="{% static 'js/app.js' %}"></script>
</body>
</html>

数据可视化

// static/js/charts.js
function renderFinancialChart(data) {
    const ctx = document.getElementById('financialChart').getContext('2d');
    new Chart(ctx, {
        type: 'line',
        data: {
            labels: data.labels,
            datasets: [{
                label: '收入',
                data: data.income,
                borderColor: 'rgb(75, 192, 192)',
                tension: 0.1
            }, {
                label: '支出',
                data: data.expense,
                borderColor: 'rgb(255, 99, 132)',
                tension: 0.1
            }]
        },
        options: {
            responsive: true,
            plugins: {
                title: {
                    display: true,
                    text: '财务趋势图'
                }
            }
        }
    });
}

系统优化与部署

性能优化

数据库优化
# settings/base.py
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': 'erp_db',
        'USER': 'erp_user',
        'PASSWORD': 'password',
        'HOST': 'localhost',
        'PORT': '5432',
        'OPTIONS': {
            'MAX_CONNS': 20,
            'CONN_MAX_AGE': 600,
        }
    }
}

# 缓存配置
CACHES = {
    'default': {
        'BACKEND': 'django_redis.cache.RedisCache',
        'LOCATION': 'redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1',
        'OPTIONS': {
            'CLIENT_CLASS': 'django_redis.client.DefaultClient',
        }
    }
}
查询优化
# 使用select_related和prefetch_related优化查询
def get_employees_with_attendance():
    return Employee.objects.select_related('user').prefetch_related(
        'attendance_set'
    ).all()

# 使用缓存
from django.core.cache import cache

def get_dashboard_data(user):
    cache_key = f'dashboard_data_{user.id}'
    data = cache.get(cache_key)
    
    if data is None:
        data = {
            'total_employees': Employee.objects.count(),
            'total_products': Product.objects.count(),
            'monthly_revenue': calculate_monthly_revenue(),
        }
        cache.set(cache_key, data, 300)  # 缓存5分钟
    
    return data

Docker部署

# Dockerfile
FROM python:3.11-slim

WORKDIR /app

COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

COPY . .

EXPOSE 8000

CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000", "erp_system.wsgi:application"]

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    environment:
      - DEBUG=False
      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://erp_user:password@db:5432/erp_db
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379/0

  db:
    image: postgres:13
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=erp_db
      - POSTGRES_USER=erp_user
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data

  redis:
    image: redis:6-alpine

  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
    depends_on:
      - web

volumes:
  postgres_data:

安全性考虑

数据安全

# settings/production.py
import os

# 安全设置
SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY')
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['your-domain.com']

# HTTPS设置
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True

# 会话安全
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True

# 数据库连接加密
DATABASES['default']['OPTIONS']['sslmode'] = 'require'

输入验证

# apps/common/validators.py
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
import re

def validate_employee_id(value):
    if not re.match(r'^EMP\d{6}$', value):
        raise ValidationError('员工ID格式不正确，应为EMP+6位数字')

def validate_phone_number(value):
    if not re.match(r'^1[3-9]\d{9}$', value):
        raise ValidationError('手机号码格式不正确')

总结

本文详细介绍了如何使用Django框架构建一个功能完整的企业资源管理系统。从项目架构设计到具体功能实现，从前端界面到后端优化，我们涵盖了ERP系统开发的各个方面。

项目亮点

  1. 模块化设计：采用Django的应用模式，实现了良好的代码组织和模块解耦
  2. 权限管理：实现了细粒度的权限控制，确保数据安全
  3. 性能优化：通过缓存、数据库优化等手段提升系统性能
  4. 响应式设计：使用Bootstrap实现了适配多设备的用户界面
  5. 容器化部署：使用Docker实现了便捷的部署和扩展

扩展建议

  1. API接口：使用Django REST Framework提供RESTful API
  2. 微服务架构：将不同模块拆分为独立的微服务
  3. 消息队列：使用Celery处理异步任务和定时任务
  4. 监控系统：集成Prometheus和Grafana进行系统监控
  5. 移动端支持：开发移动端应用或PWA

通过本项目的实践，开发者可以掌握Django框架的高级特性，学习企业级应用的开发模式，为后续的大型项目开发奠定坚实基础。

源代码

项目代码

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