第一篇： 简单了解ROS
1.Ros文件系统目录结构了解
WorkSpace — 自定义的工作空间
|--- build:编译空间，用于存放CMake和catkin的缓存信息、配置信息和其他中间文件。
|--- devel:开发空间，用于存放编译后生成的目标文件，包括头文件、动态&静态链接库、可执行文件等。
|--- src: 源码
|-- package：功能包(ROS基本单元)包含多个节点、库与配置文件，包名所有字母小写，只能由字母、数字与下划线组成
|-- CMakeLists.txt 配置编译规则，比如源文件、依赖项、目标文件
|-- package.xml 包信息，比如:包名、版本、作者、依赖项...(以前版本是 manifest.xml)
|-- scripts 存储python文件
|-- src 存储C++源文件
|-- include 头文件
|-- msg 消息通信格式文件
|-- srv 服务通信格式文件
|-- action 动作格式文件
|-- launch 可一次性运行多个节点
|-- config 配置信息
|-- CMakeLists.txt: 编译的基本配置
1.1 package.xml文件内容介绍
该文件定义有关软件包的属性，例如软件包名称，版本号，作者，维护者以及对其他catkin软件包的依赖性。请注意，该概念类似于旧版 rosbuild 构建系统中使用的manifest.xml文件。
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!-- 格式: 以前是 1，推荐使用格式 2 -->
<package format="2">
<!-- 包名 -->
<name>demo01_hello_vscode</name>
<!-- 版本 -->
<version>0.0.0</version>
<!-- 描述信息 -->
<description>The demo01_hello_vscode package</description>
<!-- One maintainer tag required, multiple allowed, one person per tag -->
<!-- Example: -->
<!-- <maintainer email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</maintainer> -->
<!-- 维护人员 -->
<maintainer email="xuzuo@todo.todo">xuzuo</maintainer>
<!-- One license tag required, multiple allowed, one license per tag -->
<!-- Commonly used license strings: -->
<!-- BSD, MIT, Boost Software License, GPLv2, GPLv3, LGPLv2.1, LGPLv3 -->
<!-- 许可证信息，ROS核心组件默认 BSD -->
<license>TODO</license>
<!-- Url tags are optional, but multiple are allowed, one per tag -->
<!-- Optional attribute type can be: website, bugtracker, or repository -->
<!-- Example: -->
<!-- <url type="website">http://wiki.ros.org/demo01_hello_vscode</url> -->
<!-- Author tags are optional, multiple are allowed, one per tag -->
<!-- Authors do not have to be maintainers, but could be -->
<!-- Example: -->
<!-- <author email="jane.doe@example.com">Jane Doe</author> -->
<!-- The *depend tags are used to specify dependencies -->
<!-- Dependencies can be catkin packages or system dependencies -->
<!-- Examples: -->
<!-- Use depend as a shortcut for packages that are both build and exec dependencies -->
<!-- <depend>roscpp</depend> -->
<!-- Note that this is equivalent to the following: -->
<!-- <build_depend>roscpp</build_depend> -->
<!-- <exec_depend>roscpp</exec_depend> -->
<!-- Use build_depend for packages you need at compile time: -->
<!-- <build_depend>message_generation</build_depend> -->
<!-- Use build_export_depend for packages you need in order to build against this package: -->
<!-- <build_export_depend>message_generation</build_export_depend> -->
<!-- Use buildtool_depend for build tool packages: -->
<!-- <buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend> -->
<!-- Use exec_depend for packages you need at runtime: -->
<!-- <exec_depend>message_runtime</exec_depend> -->
<!-- Use test_depend for packages you need only for testing: -->
<!-- <test_depend>gtest</test_depend> -->
<!-- Use doc_depend for packages you need only for building documentation: -->
<!-- <doc_depend>doxygen</doc_depend> -->
<!-- 依赖的构建工具，这是必须的 -->
<buildtool_depend>catkin</buildtool_depend>
<!-- 指定构建此软件包所需的软件包 -->
<build_depend>roscpp</build_depend>
<build_depend>rospy</build_depend>
<build_depend>std_msgs</build_depend>
<!-- 指定根据这个包构建库所需要的包 -->
<build_export_depend>roscpp</build_export_depend>
<build_export_depend>rospy</build_export_depend>
<build_export_depend>std_msgs</build_export_depend>
<!-- 运行该程序包中的代码所需的程序包 -->
<exec_depend>roscpp</exec_depend>
<exec_depend>rospy</exec_depend>
<exec_depend>std_msgs</exec_depend>
<!-- The export tag contains other, unspecified, tags -->
<export>
<!-- Other tools can request additional information be placed here -->
</export>
</package>
2.CMakelists.txt
文件CMakeLists.txt是CMake构建系统的输入，用于构建软件包。任何兼容CMake的软件包都包含一个或多个CMakeLists.txt文件，这些文件描述了如何构建代码以及将代码安装到何处。
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0.2) #所需 cmake 版本
project(demo01_hello_vscode) #包名称，会被 ${PROJECT_NAME} 的方式调用
## Compile as C++11, supported in ROS Kinetic and newer
# add_compile_options(-std=c++11)
## Find catkin macros and libraries
## if COMPONENTS list like find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS xyz)
## is used, also find other catkin packages
#设置构建所需要的软件包
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS
roscpp
rospy
std_msgs
)
## System dependencies are found with CMake's conventions
#默认添加系统依赖
# find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS system)
## Uncomment this if the package has a setup.py. This macro ensures
## modules and global scripts declared therein get installed
## See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/user_guide/setup_dot_py.html
# 启动 python 模块支持
# catkin_python_setup()
################################################
## Declare ROS messages, services and actions ##
## 声明 ROS 消息、服务、动作... ##
################################################
## To declare and build messages, services or actions from within this
## package, follow these steps:
## * Let MSG_DEP_SET be the set of packages whose message types you use in
## your messages/services/actions (e.g. std_msgs, actionlib_msgs, ...).
## * In the file package.xml:
## * add a build_depend tag for "message_generation"
## * add a build_depend and a exec_depend tag for each package in MSG_DEP_SET
## * If MSG_DEP_SET isn't empty the following dependency has been pulled in
## but can be declared for certainty nonetheless:
## * add a exec_depend tag for "message_runtime"
## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt):
## * add "message_generation" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to
## find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...)
## * add "message_runtime" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to
## catkin_package(CATKIN_DEPENDS ...)
## * uncomment the add_*_files sections below as needed
## and list every .msg/.srv/.action file to be processed
## * uncomment the generate_messages entry below
## * add every package in MSG_DEP_SET to generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES ...)
## Generate messages in the 'msg' folder
# add_message_files(
# FILES
# Message1.msg
# Message2.msg
# )
## Generate services in the 'srv' folder
# add_service_files(
# FILES
# Service1.srv
# Service2.srv
# )
## Generate actions in the 'action' folder
# add_action_files(
# FILES
# Action1.action
# Action2.action
# )
## Generate added messages and services with any dependencies listed here
# 生成消息、服务时的依赖包
# generate_messages(
# DEPENDENCIES
# std_msgs
# )
################################################
## Declare ROS dynamic reconfigure parameters ##
## 声明 ROS 动态参数配置 ##
################################################
## To declare and build dynamic reconfigure parameters within this
## package, follow these steps:
## * In the file package.xml:
## * add a build_depend and a exec_depend tag for "dynamic_reconfigure"
## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt):
## * add "dynamic_reconfigure" to
## find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...)
## * uncomment the "generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options" section below
## and list every .cfg file to be processed
## Generate dynamic reconfigure parameters in the 'cfg' folder
# generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options(
# cfg/DynReconf1.cfg
# cfg/DynReconf2.cfg
# )
###################################
## catkin specific configuration ##
## catkin 特定配置##
###################################
## The catkin_package macro generates cmake config files for your package
## Declare things to be passed to dependent projects
## INCLUDE_DIRS: uncomment this if your package contains header files
## LIBRARIES: libraries you create in this project that dependent projects also need
## CATKIN_DEPENDS: catkin_packages dependent projects also need
## DEPENDS: system dependencies of this project that dependent projects also need
# 运行时依赖
catkin_package(
# INCLUDE_DIRS include
# LIBRARIES demo01_hello_vscode
# CATKIN_DEPENDS roscpp rospy std_msgs
# DEPENDS system_lib
)
###########
## Build ##
###########
## Specify additional locations of header files
## Your package locations should be listed before other locations
# 添加头文件路径，当前程序包的头文件路径位于其他文件路径之前
include_directories(
# include
${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS}
)
## Declare a C++ library
# 声明 C++ 库
# add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}
# src/${PROJECT_NAME}/demo01_hello_vscode.cpp
# )
## Add cmake target dependencies of the library
## as an example, code may need to be generated before libraries
## either from message generation or dynamic reconfigure
# 添加库的 cmake 目标依赖
# add_dependencies(${PROJECT_NAME} ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})
## Declare a C++ executable
## With catkin_make all packages are built within a single CMake context
## The recommended prefix ensures that target names across packages don't collide
# 声明 C++ 可执行文件
add_executable(Hello_VSCode src/Hello_VSCode.cpp)
## Rename C++ executable without prefix
## The above recommended prefix causes long target names, the following renames the
## target back to the shorter version for ease of user use
## e.g. "rosrun someones_pkg node" instead of "rosrun someones_pkg someones_pkg_node"
#重命名c++可执行文件
# set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME}_node PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME node PREFIX "")
## Add cmake target dependencies of the executable
## same as for the library above
#添加可执行文件的 cmake 目标依赖
add_dependencies(Hello_VSCode ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})
## Specify libraries to link a library or executable target against
#指定库、可执行文件的链接库
target_link_libraries(Hello_VSCode
${catkin_LIBRARIES}
)
#############
## Install ##
## 安装 ##
#############
# all install targets should use catkin DESTINATION variables
# See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/adv_user_guide/variables.html
## Mark executable scripts (Python etc.) for installation
## in contrast to setup.py, you can choose the destination
#设置用于安装的可执行脚本
catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
scripts/Hi.py
DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)
## Mark executables for installation
## See http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/catkin/html/howto/format1/building_executables.html
# install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}_node
# RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
# )
## Mark libraries for installation
## See http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/catkin/html/howto/format1/building_libraries.html
# install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME}
# ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION}
# LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION}
# RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_GLOBAL_BIN_DESTINATION}
# )
## Mark cpp header files for installation
# install(DIRECTORY include/${PROJECT_NAME}/
# DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_INCLUDE_DESTINATION}
# FILES_MATCHING PATTERN "*.h"
# PATTERN ".svn" EXCLUDE
# )
## Mark other files for installation (e.g. launch and bag files, etc.)
# install(FILES
# # myfile1
# # myfile2
# DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_SHARE_DESTINATION}
# )
#############
## Testing ##
#############
## Add gtest based cpp test target and link libraries
# catkin_add_gtest(${PROJECT_NAME}-test test/test_demo01_hello_vscode.cpp)
# if(TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}-test)
# target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME}-test ${PROJECT_NAME})
# endif()
## Add folders to be run by python nosetests
# catkin_add_nosetests(test)
2.使用python开发基本的通信模型
2.1创建工作空间并初始化
mkdir -p laoyao_pkg/src
cd laoyao_pkg/
catkin_make`
上述命令，首先会创建一个工作空间以及一个 src 子目录，然后再进入工作空间调用 catkin_make命令编译。
2.2进入 src 创建 ros 包并添加依赖
cd src
catkin_create_pkg basic_correspondence roscpp rospy std_msgs
上述命令，会在工作空间下生成一个功能包，该功能包依赖于 roscpp、rospy 与 std_msgs，其中roscpp是使用C++实现的库，而rospy则是使用python实现的库，std_msgs是标准消息库，创建ROS功能包时，一般都会依赖这三个库实现。
2.3 编写python文件内容
在basic_correspondence包的src目录下添加以下pytohn文件
2.3.1 发布者
#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
需求: 实现基本的话题通信，一方发布数据，一方接收数据，
实现的关键点:
1.发送方
2.接收方
3.数据(此处为普通文本)
PS: 二者需要设置相同的话题
消息发布方:
循环发布信息:HelloWorld 后缀数字编号
实现流程:
1.导包
2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
3.实例化 发布者 对象
4.组织被发布的数据，并编写逻辑发布数据
"""
#1.导包
import rospy
from std_msgs.msg import String
if __name__ == "__main__":
#2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
rospy.init_node("talker_p")
#3.实例化 发布者 对象
pub = rospy.Publisher("chatter",String,queue_size=10)
#4.组织被发布的数据，并编写逻辑发布数据
msg = String() #创建 msg 对象
msg_front = "hello 你好"
count = 0 #计数器
# 设置循环频率
rate = rospy.Rate(1)
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
#拼接字符串
msg.data = msg_front + str(count)
pub.publish(msg)
rate.sleep()
rospy.loginfo("写出的数据:%s",msg.data)
count += 1
2.3.2 订阅者
#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
需求: 实现基本的话题通信，一方发布数据，一方接收数据，
实现的关键点:
1.发送方
2.接收方
3.数据(此处为普通文本)
消息订阅方:
订阅话题并打印接收到的消息
实现流程:
1.导包
2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
3.实例化 订阅者 对象
4.处理订阅的消息(回调函数)
5.设置循环调用回调函数
"""
#1.导包
import rospy
from std_msgs.msg import String
def doMsg(msg):
rospy.loginfo("I heard:%s",msg.data)
if __name__ == "__main__":
#2.初始化 ROS 节点:命名(唯一)
rospy.init_node("listener_p")
#3.实例化 订阅者 对象
sub = rospy.Subscriber("chatter",String,doMsg,queue_size=10)
#4.处理订阅的消息(回调函数)
#5.设置循环调用回调函数
rospy.spin()
2.3.3 修改basic_correspondence包的CMakeList.txt文件
追加一下内容到该文件
catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
src/talker_p.py
src/listener_p.py
DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)
2.3.4 添加包到工作空间
在工作空间顶级目录执行catkin_make，编译工作空间，再导入环境变量 source devel/setup.bash
2.3.5 启动发布者和订阅者
roscore # 需要先启动ros msater
rosrun basic_correspondence talker_p.py
rosrun basic_correspondence listener_p.py
3.自定义MSG
3.1 定义msg文件
功能包下新建 msg 目录，添加文件 Person.msg
string name
uint16 age
float64 height
3.2 编辑配置文件
package.xml中添加编译依赖与执行依赖
<build_depend>message_generation</build_depend>
<exec_depend>message_runtime</exec_depend>
<!--
exce_depend 以前对应的是 run_depend 现在非法
-->
CMakeLists.txt编辑 msg 相关配置
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS
roscpp
rospy
std_msgs
message_generation
)
# 需要加入 message_generation,必须有 std_msgs
## 配置 msg 源文件
add_message_files(
FILES
Person.msg
)
# 生成消息时依赖于 std_msgs
generate_messages(
DEPENDENCIES
std_msgs
)
#执行时依赖
catkin_package(
# INCLUDE_DIRS include
# LIBRARIES demo02_talker_listener
CATKIN_DEPENDS roscpp rospy std_msgs message_runtime
# DEPENDS system_lib
)
注意：其中add_message_files和generate_messages配置块必须安装顺序配置在catkin_package配置块之前
3.3 编写使用自定义消息的发布订阅者
3.3.1 发布者
在自定义包basic_correspondence的src目录下创建person_talker.py，编辑以下内容
#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
发布方:
循环发送消息
"""
import rospy
from basic_correspondence.msg import Person
if __name__ == "__main__":
#1.初始化 ROS 节点
rospy.init_node("talker_person_p")
#2.创建发布者对象
pub = rospy.Publisher("chatter_person",Person,queue_size=10)
#3.组织消息
p = Person()
p.name = "葫芦瓦"
p.age = 18
p.height = 0.75
#4.编写消息发布逻辑
rate = rospy.Rate(1)
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
pub.publish(p) #发布消息
rate.sleep() #休眠
rospy.loginfo("姓名:%s, 年龄:%d, 身高:%.2f",p.name, p.age, p.height)
3.3.2 订阅者
在自定义包basic_correspondence的src目录下创建person_listener.py，编辑以下内容
#! /usr/bin/env python
"""
订阅方:
订阅消息
"""
import rospy
from basic_correspondence.msg import Person
def doPerson(p):
rospy.loginfo("接收到的人的信息:%s, %d, %.2f",p.name, p.age, p.height)
if __name__ == "__main__":
#1.初始化节点
rospy.init_node("listener_person_p")
#2.创建订阅者对象
sub = rospy.Subscriber("chatter_person",Person,doPerson,queue_size=10)
rospy.spin() #4.循环
3.4 配置 CMakeLists.txt
在CMakeLists.txt文件中的catkin_install_python模块中添加这两个文件
catkin_install_python(PROGRAMS
src/talker_p.py
src/listener_p.py
src/person_talker.py
src/person_listener.py
DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION}
)
3.5 编译
在工作区根目录执行catkin_make进行编译
注意：
在编译时如果提示找不到ld -pthreads模块，需要安装pthread库，执行以下命令安装
apt-get install libpthread-stubs0-dev
2. 编译时提示AttributeError: module ‘em’ has no attribute ‘RAW_OPT’，按照如下步骤处理
pip uninstall empy
pip install empy==3.3.4
3.6 启动服务
在启动前需要先配置PYTHONPATH，将自定义包编译生成的python包路径添加到导包路径中
export PYTHONPATH=/opt/ros/noetic/lib/python3/dist-packages:{自定义工作空间绝对路径}/devel/lib/python3/dist-packages/
启动服务
roscore # 需要先启动ros msater
rosrun basic_correspondence add_ints_server_p.py
rosrun basic_correspondence add_ints_client_p.py 1 3