nginx基本使用 linux(mac下的)

发布于:2025-06-29 ⋅ 阅读:(24) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

目录结构

编译后会有:conf html logs sbin 四个文件 (其他两个是之前下载的安装包)

  • conf:配置文件
  • html:页面资源
  • logs:日志
  • sbin:启动文件,nginx主程序

运行后多了文件<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">client_body_temp fastcgi_temp proxy_temp scgi_temp</font>

这些都是临时文件,可忽略

运行原理


master主进程:

Worker为子进程

nginx配置基础

  1. 基础配置
# 工作worker子进程(小于cpu数:并行 -- 大于CPU数:并发)
worker_processes  1;

# worker的最大连接
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

http {
    # include:引入其他配置文件
    # mime.types:请求头(发送类型)
    # default_type:默认发送类型
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    # 数据零拷贝
    sendfile        on;

    # 长连接 时间
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    
    # 虚拟主机vhost(nginx可配置多个主机)
    server {
        # nginx端口号
        listen       80;
        # 主机名
        server_name  localhost;

        # http://localhost:80/【localtion中的uri】
        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        # 服务器端发生错误的时候,转到/50x.html地址页面
        # 转到/50x.html的时候后,会在html文件夹中,寻找50x.html页面
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

    }
}
  • <font style="color:rgb(38, 38, 38);background-color:rgb(245, 245, 245);">mime.types</font>请求头类型
types {
    text/html                                        html htm shtml;
    text/css                                         css;
    text/xml                                         xml;
    image/gif                                        gif;
    image/jpeg                                       jpeg jpg;
    application/javascript                           js;
    application/atom+xml                             atom;
    application/rss+xml                              rss;

    text/mathml                                      mml;
    text/plain                                       txt;
    text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor                 jad;
    text/vnd.wap.wml                                 wml;
    text/x-component                                 htc;

    image/avif                                       avif;
    image/png                                        png;
    image/svg+xml                                    svg svgz;
    image/tiff                                       tif tiff;
    image/vnd.wap.wbmp                               wbmp;
    image/webp                                       webp;
    image/x-icon                                     ico;
    image/x-jng                                      jng;
    image/x-ms-bmp                                   bmp;

    font/woff                                        woff;
    font/woff2                                       woff2;

    application/java-archive                         jar war ear;
    application/json                                 json;
    application/mac-binhex40                         hqx;
    application/msword                               doc;
    application/pdf                                  pdf;
    application/postscript                           ps eps ai;
    application/rtf                                  rtf;
    application/vnd.apple.mpegurl                    m3u8;
    application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml             kml;
    application/vnd.google-earth.kmz                 kmz;
    application/vnd.ms-excel                         xls;
    application/vnd.ms-fontobject                    eot;
    application/vnd.ms-powerpoint                    ppt;
    application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics      odg;
    application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation  odp;
    application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet   ods;
    application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text          odt;
    application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation
                                                     pptx;
    application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
                                                     xlsx;
    application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
                                                     docx;
    application/vnd.wap.wmlc                         wmlc;
    application/wasm                                 wasm;
    application/x-7z-compressed                      7z;
    application/x-cocoa                              cco;
    application/x-java-archive-diff                  jardiff;
    application/x-java-jnlp-file                     jnlp;
    application/x-makeself                           run;
    application/x-perl                               pl pm;
    application/x-pilot                              prc pdb;
    application/x-rar-compressed                     rar;
    application/x-redhat-package-manager             rpm;
    application/x-sea                                sea;
    application/x-shockwave-flash                    swf;
    application/x-stuffit                            sit;
    application/x-tcl                                tcl tk;
    application/x-x509-ca-cert                       der pem crt;
    application/x-xpinstall                          xpi;
    application/xhtml+xml                            xhtml;
    application/xspf+xml                             xspf;
    application/zip                                  zip;

    application/octet-stream                         bin exe dll;
    application/octet-stream                         deb;
    application/octet-stream                         dmg;
    application/octet-stream                         iso img;
    application/octet-stream                         msi msp msm;

    audio/midi                                       mid midi kar;
    audio/mpeg                                       mp3;
    audio/ogg                                        ogg;
    audio/x-m4a                                      m4a;
    audio/x-realaudio                                ra;

    video/3gpp                                       3gpp 3gp;
    video/mp2t                                       ts;
    video/mp4                                        mp4;
    video/mpeg                                       mpeg mpg;
    video/quicktime                                  mov;
    video/webm                                       webm;
    video/x-flv                                      flv;
    video/x-m4v                                      m4v;
    video/x-mng                                      mng;
    video/x-ms-asf                                   asx asf;
    video/x-ms-wmv                                   wmv;
    video/x-msvideo                                  avi;
}
  • 开启数据零拷贝工作比较

没开启sendfile:nginx读取到html,然后存入缓存,接着将缓存内容发给网络接口,网络接口发送给互联网

开启sendfile:nginx不缓存html了,直接给网络接口发送信号,让网络接口直接来读取html,然后发送到互联网

  • 全部配置
#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

虚拟主机配置

域名配置

将域名绑定ip

不同端口访问不同资源

worker_processes  1;

events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    sendfile        on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   /www/video;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

    server {
        listen       81;
        server_name  localhost;

        location / {
            root   /www/www;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

}

不同域名访问同一资源

匹配

不同的域名,都会匹配到80端口

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  www.xingheng.cn a.xingheng.cn;

        location / {
            root   /www/video;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
    }

匹配规则
  1. 通配符匹配
server_name *.mmban.com
  1. 通配符结束匹配
server_name vod.*;
  1. 正则匹配
server_name ~^[0-9]+\.mmban\.com$;

反向代理

正向代理与反向代理

画板

主要区别在于这两种方式的作用不同,他们的本质其实是一样的(请求转发),代理代理,就是代替某个东西去做什么

  • 一个是代理客户端,就是代理用户,去访问外网服务器
  • 一个是代理服务器,就是代理服务器,让用户可以访问

代理规则

proxy_pass:代理路径 – 有了proxy_pass就不会访问root /www/video; index index.html index.html;

location / {
    root   /www/video;
    index  index.html index.htm;
    proxy_pass http://xingheng.com/;
}

基于反向代理的负载均衡

使用
# httpd是负载均衡组的名字,可自定义
upstream httpd {
    server 192.168.44.102:80;
    server 192.168.43.103:80;
}

location / {
    root   /www/video;
    index  index.html index.htm;
    proxy_pass http://httpd  # 有这个上面的静态资源就不访问了
    
}
常用策略
upstream httpd {
  server 127.0.0.1:8050 weight=10 down;
  server 127.0.0.1:8060 weight=1;
  server 127.0.0.1:8060 weight=1 backup;
}
  • weight:默认为1 weight越大,负载的权重就越大。
  • down:表示当前的server暂时不参与负载
  • backup: 其它所有的非backup机器down或者忙的时候,请求backup机器。(备用服务器)
了解策略
  • ip_hash:根据客户端的ip地址转发同一台服务器,可以保持回话。
  • least_conn:最少连接访问
  • url_hash:根据用户访问的url定向转发请求
  • fair:根据后端服务器响应时间转发请求

动静分离

location配置静态资源

server {
    listen       80;
    server_name  localhost;

    # / 的匹配优先级最低
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
    }

    # 匹配路径是/js的路径
    location /js {
        root   html
        index  index.html index.htm;
    }

    error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
    location = /50x.html {
        root   html;
    }
}

路径匹配规则

location前缀规则

/ 通用匹配,任何请求都会匹配到。

= 精准匹配,不是以指定模式开头

~ 正则匹配,区分大小写

~* 正则匹配,不区分大小写

^~ 非正则匹配,匹配以指定模式开头的location

location匹配顺序
  1. 多个正则location直接按书写顺序匹配,成功后就不会继续往后面匹配
  2. 普通(非正则)location会一直往下,直到找到匹配度最高的(最大前缀匹配)
  3. 当普通location与正则location同时存在,如果正则匹配成功,则不会再执行普通匹配
  4. 所有类型location存在时,“=”匹配 > “^~”匹配 > 正则匹配 > 普通(最大前缀匹配)
location ~*/(css|img|js) {
  root /usr/local/nginx/static;
  index index.html index.htm;
}
alias与root
location /css/ {
  alias /usr/local/nginx/static/css/;
  index index.html index.htm;
}
location /css {
  alias /usr/local/nginx/static;
  index index.html index.htm;
}


alias和root指令功能类似,都是指定访问的资源,不过配置上有些区别:

  1. **root**** 是“加在 URI 前面的前缀”
    **alias**
    **是“把整个 location 路径替换掉”
  2. **root**** 通常用于匹配路径不变的情况
    **alias**
    **用于重写某段 URL 到另一路径
  3. **root**/不敏感
    **alias**的路径末尾最好加 /,否则容易匹配失败
    例如:代码中的代码路径,现在要访问/css/style.css
    root是直接拼接/usr/local/nginx/static + /css/style.css
    alias是裁剪/css/style.css 匹配,裁剪location后的路径/css/,变为style.css,然后将style.css拼接到/usr/local/nginx/static/css/后面

UrlRewrite

入门案例

location / {
    rewrite ^/xingheng/(.*)$ /index.jsp?pageName=$1 break;
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}

如果访问呢的路径匹配到了/xingheng,那么就转向访问http://127.0.0.1:8080/index.jsp?pageName=?路径

也就是说,如果匹配到了rewirte终点额正则表达式,那么就会讲后面的路径拼接到proxy_pass中设置的路径后面

规则

rewrite是实现URL重写的关键指令,根据regex (正则表达式)部分内容,重定向到replacement,结尾是flag标记。

格式:

rewrite <regex> <replacement> [flag];

关键字:正则(regex) 替代内容(replacement) flag标记

关键字:其中关键字error_log不能改变

  • 正则:perl兼容正则表达式语句进行规则匹配
  • 替代内容:将正则匹配的内容替换成replacement
  • flag标记:rewrite支持的flag标记

rewrite参数的标签段位置: <font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">server,location,if </font>

flag标记说明:

  • last :本条规则匹配完成后,继续向下匹配新的location URI规则
  • break :本条规则匹配完成即终止,不再匹配后面的任何规则
  • redirect :返回302临时重定向,浏览器地址会显示跳转后的URL地址(就是真实地址会带出来)
  • permanent :返回301永久重定向,浏览器地址栏会显示跳转后的URL地址

防盗链

防盗链概念

  1. 所谓盗链,就是别人直接在他们的网站上引用你网站的资源,比如这样:
<img src="http://yourdomain.com/images/logo.png">

这样一来,对方的网页访问者会去访问你的服务器资源,消耗你的带宽资源,却不给你任何访问量或广告收益,所以我们需要防盗链

  1. referer

假设你在 https://a.com/index.html 这个页面上,有一张图片:

<img src="https://b.com/images/logo.png">

当用户访问 a.com/index.html 页面时,浏览器会自动去加载图片,这个时候对 b.com/images/logo.png 的请求里,HTTP 请求头中会自动带上:

Referer: https://a.com/index.html

也就是说,服务器 **b.com** 可以知道:访问这张图的是从 **a.com** 页面跳过来的。

那么什么时候没有refer呢?直接在浏览器顶部地址输入对应的地址访问就没有referer啦

配置防盗链

  1. 配置案例
valid_referers 192.168.44.101;
if ($invalid_referer) {
    return 403;
}
  1. 详细规则
valid_referers none | blocked | server_names | strings ....;
- `**<font style="color:#DF2A3F;">none</font>**`<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">, 检测 Referer 头域不存在的情况,如果不存在,那么就可以访问(即使是本网站访问也不行)</font>
- `<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">blocked</font>`<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">,检测 Referer 头域的值被防火墙或者代理服务器删除或伪装的情况。这种情况该头域的值不以 “http://” 或 “https://” 开头。 </font>
- `<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);">server_names</font>`<font style="color:rgb(51,51,51);"> ,设置一个或多个 URL ,检测 Referer 头域的值是否是这些 URL 中的某一个。</font>

使用curl测试

安装
yum install -y curl
常用命令
  1. 看某个地址能否访问
curl -I http://192.168.44.101/img/logo.png
  1. 带referer
# http://baidu.com就是refer
curl -e "http://baidu.com" -I http://192.168.44.101/img/logo.png

高可用配置

keepalive高可用原理

画板

keepalive安装

yum install -y keepalived

keepalive配置

  1. 打开文件
# 打开keeplived.conf
cd /etc/keepalived
vi keepalived.conf
  1. 配置文件

第一台机器

! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb111
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    # 当前机器是master
    state MASTER
    # 网卡名称(改)
    interface enp0s5
    virtual_router_id 51
    # 优先级,竞选成功的优先级
    priority 100
    # 间隔检测时间
    advert_int 1
    # 多个keepalived通信配置(相同即可)
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    # 虚拟地址(改)
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.33.200
    }
}

注:interface需要改成自己的网卡地址,通过ip addr获取

第二台机器

! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   router_id lb111
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    # 当前机器是backup
    state BACKUP
    # 网卡名称
    interface enp0s5
    virtual_router_id 51
    # 优先级,竞选成功的优先级
    priority 100
    # 间隔检测时间
    advert_int 1
    # 多个keepalived通信配置(相同即可)
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    # 虚拟地址
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.33.200
    }
}
  1. 启动服务
systemctl start keepalived

查看状态:

systemctl status keepalived

查看现有ip:

! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   notification_email {
     acassen@firewall.loc
     failover@firewall.loc
     sysadmin@firewall.loc
   }
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 192.168.200.1
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id LVS_DEVEL
   vrrp_skip_check_adv_addr
   vrrp_strict
   vrrp_garp_interval 0
   vrrp_gna_interval 0
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.200.16
        192.168.200.17
        192.168.200.18
    }
}

virtual_server 192.168.200.100 443 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind NAT
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.201.100 443 {
        weight 1
        SSL_GET {
            url {
              path /
              digest ff20ad2481f97b1754ef3e12ecd3a9cc
            }
            url {
              path /mrtg/
              digest 9b3a0c85a887a256d6939da88aabd8cd
            }
            connect_timeout 3
            retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}

virtual_server 10.10.10.2 1358 {
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind NAT
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    sorry_server 192.168.200.200 1358

    real_server 192.168.200.2 1358 {
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET {
            url {
              path /testurl/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            url {
              path /testurl2/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            url {
              path /testurl3/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            connect_timeout 3
            retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.200.3 1358 {
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET {
            url {
              path /testurl/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334c
            }
            url {
              path /testurl2/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334c
            }
            connect_timeout 3
            retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}

virtual_server 10.10.10.3 1358 {
    delay_loop 3
    lb_algo rr
    lb_kind NAT
    persistence_timeout 50
    protocol TCP

    real_server 192.168.200.4 1358 {
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET {
            url {
              path /testurl/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            url {
              path /testurl2/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            url {
              path /testurl3/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            connect_timeout 3
            retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }

    real_server 192.168.200.5 1358 {
        weight 1
        HTTP_GET {
            url {
              path /testurl/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            url {
              path /testurl2/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            url {
              path /testurl3/test.jsp
              digest 640205b7b0fc66c1ea91c463fac6334d
            }
            connect_timeout 3
            retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}

Https证书配置

server
{
    listen 443 ssl http2 ;
    server_name www.xinghengdati.cn;
    ssl_certificate    /www/server/panel/vhost/cert/www.xinghengdati.cn/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key    /www/server/panel/vhost/cert/www.xinghengdati.cn/privkey.pem;
}


网站公告

今日签到

点亮在社区的每一天
去签到