Django 的管理界面是一个强大的工具，可帮助你轻松管理网站内容。下面详细介绍如何配置和定制 Django Admin。
1. 启用 Django Admin
首先确保 django.contrib.admin 已在 settings.py 中启用：
# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
# 你的应用
]
在 urls.py 中添加 Admin 路由：
# urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
2. 创建管理员账户
python manage.py createsuperuser
按照提示输入用户名、邮箱和密码。
3. 注册模型到 Admin
在应用的 admin.py 中注册模型：
# myapp/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Book, Category
admin.site.register(Author)
admin.site.register(Book)
admin.site.register(Category)
4. 自定义 Admin 界面
4.1 自定义 ModelAdmin
# myapp/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Book, Category
@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('title', 'author', 'publication_date', 'is_published')
list_filter = ('author', 'publication_date', 'categories')
search_fields = ('title', 'author__name')
ordering = ('-publication_date',)
date_hierarchy = 'publication_date'
fieldsets = (
(None, {
'fields': ('title', 'author', 'categories')
}),
('Advanced options', {
'classes': ('collapse',),
'fields': ('publication_date', 'is_published', 'description'),
}),
)
filter_horizontal = ('categories',)
4.2 自定义列表页
@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('name', 'email', 'birth_date', 'age')
list_per_page = 50
list_editable = ('email',)
list_display_links = ('name',)
def age(self, obj):
import datetime
if obj.birth_date:
return datetime.date.today().year - obj.birth_date.year
return "N/A"
age.short_description = 'Age'
4.3 自定义编辑页
@admin.register(Category)
class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('name',)}
readonly_fields = ('created_at', 'updated_at')
def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
if not change: # 创建时
obj.created_by = request.user
obj.updated_by = request.user
super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)
5. 添加自定义操作
@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
actions = ['mark_as_published', 'mark_as_unpublished']
def mark_as_published(self, request, queryset):
rows_updated = queryset.update(is_published=True)
self.message_user(request, f'Successfully published {rows_updated} books.')
mark_as_published.short_description = "Mark selected books as published"
def mark_as_unpublished(self, request, queryset):
rows_updated = queryset.update(is_published=False)
self.message_user(request, f'Successfully unpublished {rows_updated} books.')
mark_as_unpublished.short_description = "Mark selected books as unpublished"
6. 自定义 Admin 站点
# myproject/admin.py
from django.contrib.admin import AdminSite
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
class MyAdminSite(AdminSite):
site_header = _('My Bookstore Admin')
site_title = _('My Bookstore Admin Portal')
index_title = _('Welcome to My Bookstore')
logout_template = 'admin/logout.html'
admin_site = MyAdminSite(name='myadmin')
# 注册模型到自定义站点
from myapp.models import Author, Book
admin_site.register(Author)
admin_site.register(Book)
修改 urls.py 使用自定义站点：
# myproject/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from .admin import admin_site
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin_site.urls),
]
7. 自定义 Admin 模板
- 创建模板目录结构：
myproject/
templates/
admin/
base_site.html
index.html
book/
change_list.html
- 自定义基础模板示例：
<!-- templates/admin/base_site.html -->
{% extends "admin/base.html" %}
{% block title %}{{ title }} | {{ site_title|default:_('Django site admin') }}{% endblock %}
{% block branding %}
<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">My Bookstore Admin</a></h1>
{% endblock %}
{% block nav-global %}{% endblock %}
8. 添加自定义视图
# myapp/admin.py
from django.urls import path
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.contrib import admin
@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
# ...
def get_urls(self):
urls = super().get_urls()
custom_urls = [
path('stats/', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.stats_view), name='book-stats'),
]
return custom_urls + urls
def stats_view(self, request):
total_books = Book.objects.count()
published_books = Book.objects.filter(is_published=True).count()
context = {
**self.admin_site.each_context(request),
'title': 'Book Statistics',
'total_books': total_books,
'published_books': published_books,
}
return render(request, 'admin/book_stats.html', context)
9. 多对多字段优化
使用 filter_horizontal 或 filter_vertical：
@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
filter_horizontal = ('categories',)
# 或者使用 filter_vertical
# filter_vertical = ('categories',)
10. 只读字段和权限控制
@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
readonly_fields = ('created_at', 'updated_at')
def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
# 只有超级用户可以删除作者
return request.user.is_superuser
def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
# 限制普通管理员修改某些字段
if obj and request.user.has_perm('myapp.change_author'):
return True
return False
11. 日期层级导航
@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
date_hierarchy = 'publication_date'
12. 自定义过滤器
from django.contrib.admin import SimpleListFilter
class PublishedListFilter(SimpleListFilter):
title = 'Publication Status'
parameter_name = 'status'
def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
return (
('published', 'Published'),
('unpublished', 'Unpublished'),
)
def queryset(self, request, queryset):
if self.value() == 'published':
return queryset.filter(is_published=True)
if self.value() == 'unpublished':
return queryset.filter(is_published=False)
@admin.register(Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_filter = (PublishedListFilter,)
13. 内联模型
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Author, Book
class BookInline(admin.TabularInline):
model = Book
extra = 1
fields = ('title', 'publication_date', 'is_published')
@admin.register(Author)
class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
inlines = [BookInline]
以上配置可以帮助你充分利用 Django Admin 的强大功能，根据实际需求进行灵活定制，提高管理效率。