IC3103学习笔记
课件引用于香港理工大学IC3103课程

Spherical Robot

1. Market Research
2. Product design (Procreate/ Solidwork/ AutoCAD/ SketchUp)
3. Eletronic: Arduino

Circuit

Ohm’s Law

V = I*R
where, V = Voltage (V); I = Current (A); R = Resistance (Ohms)

Electronic Signals

Signal which are continuous as time varying in nature are analog signals.
Signal which are discrete are called digital signals.

Analog signal is a form of electrical energy (voltage, current or electromagnetic power) for which there is a linear relationship between electrical quantity and the value that the signal represents.

Analog Signals
– Voltage(e.g. 0-5V)
– Current(e.g. 0-20mA)

The signal, whose amplitude takes only limited values is called Digital signal. Digital signal are discrete, they contain only distinct values.

Digital Signals
– I/O:1(High),0(Low),Pulse
– Bus (IO groups)

Input Devices

Sense the environment
• Digital Sensor
• Analog Sensor

Output Devices

Affect the surroundings
• Digital Actuators
• Analog Actuators

Process Module

Receiving input and controlling output

Digital System(Internal)
Analog to Digital Convert

• (e.g. 0~5V Signal)
0.0V  000
2.5V  050
5.0V  100

Big Arduino

Small Arduino

Electronic system Power

Power Adapter or Battery
• Power Adapter for hi power system.
• Battery for portable system.
• Rechargeable: NiMH/ Li-Ion/ Pb-Ac /SuperCap
• Non-Rechargeable: Alkaline Battery/ Li-ion*

Power Arduino Board
• From USB: DC5V, Max current 500mA
• From Ext DC PWR Jack: DC6-12V
• AAx4 Battery Box • USB Portable Power Supply

Procedure of build ELE system prototype

1. Get an idea.
2. Build minimize system as verify platform.
3. Verify main function.
4. Assemble ELE components into prototype.
5. Test the full function prototype.

Arduino Basic Programming

Comments: created with // or /* and */
Operators: = is used to assign a value; == is used to compare values
And & Or: && is “and” || is “or”

Serial.begin() 1: Tx 0: Rx (Reserved for bluetooth transformation)

The serial communication is a simple scheme that uses the UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) on the Microcontroller. It uses,
5V for logic 1 (high)
0V for logic 0 (low)

For a 3.3V board, it uses
3V for logic 1 (high)
0V for logic 0 (low)

The messages sent to the computer from Arduino are sent from PIN 1 of the Arduino board, called Tx (Transmitter). The messages being sent to the Arduino from the computer are received on PIN 0, called Rx (Receiver).

There are five pins present on the USB-to serial adapter, including RX, TX, reset button, and GND (Ground).

void setup ( )  
{  
Serial.begin(4800);   
}  
void loop ( )  
{  
}  

Serial.print()

Serial.print( value, format )

It specifies the base format and gives the output according to the specified format. It includes the formats Octal -OCT (base 8), Binary-BIN (base 2), Decimal-DEC (base 10), and Hexadecimal-HEX (base 16)

Serial.printIn()

Printed in a new line

void setup ( )  
{   
Serial.begin ( 4800);  
}  
void loop ( )  
{  
Serial.print(" Hello");  
delay(1000);     
Serial.println("Arduino");  // It will print Arduino followed by a new line.  
delay ( 1500);  // delay of 1.5 seconds between each printed line.  
}  

Serial.available()

Printed only when something statement has been fulfilled

int arrivingdatabyte = 0; // initializing the incoming serial byte  
void setup( )  
{  
Serial.begin(9600); // 9600 is the data rate in bps (bits per second).  
}  
void loop( ) // loop function that executes repeatedly  
{  
if(Serial.available( ) > 0) //  It will only send data when the received data is greater than 0.  
{  
arrivingdatabyte = Serial.read( );  // It will read the incoming or arriving data byte  
Serial.print("data byte received:");  
Serial.println(arrivingdatabyte, DEC); // here, DEC means Decimal  
}  
}  

Serial.analogRead()

The analogRead( ) function reads the value from the specified analog pin present on the particular Arduino board.

  // Below is an example for the better understanding of the analogRead( ) function   
 int AnaPin = A3; // Analog pin A3 is specified here  
int value = 0;  // variable declared to store the value read  
void setup()   
{  
  Serial.begin(9600);           //  It sets the serial rate at bps  
}  
void loop()   
{  
  value = analogRead(AnaPin);  // It reads the input pin    
  Serial.println(value);            
}  

setup()

Basic variable types:
Boolean (A boolean holds one of two values, true or false.)

void setup ( ) { }
// The setup function comes before the loop function and is necessary for all Arduino sketches]

void setup ( ) { pinMode (13, OUTPUT); }
// Outputs are declare in setup, this is done by using the pinMode function

void setup ( ) { Serial.begin(9600); }
// This particular example declares Serial communication at a baud rate of 960

Integer
Character

if()

if ( this is true ) { do this; }

if else

else { do this; }

loop: for while

void loop ( ) { }

for loop

for (int count = 0; count<10; count++) {
//for action code goes here
//this could be anything
}

while()

while ( count<10 ) {
//while action code goes here //should include a way to change count //variable so the computer is not stuck //inside the while loop forever
}

IO

Output
• Digital Write

digitalWrite ( pinNumber, value ) ;
// pinNumber can be any PWM pins (D0 to D13) value is either HIGH (ON/1) and LOW (OFF/0)

• Analog Write

analogWrite ( pinNumber, value ) ;
// pinNumber can be any PWM pins value is between 255 (100%) and 0 (0%）

3 6 9 10 11

Input
• Digital Read

digitalRead ( pinNumber) ;
// pinNumber can be any digital pins (D0 to D13) Return value is either HIGH (ON/1) or LOW (OFF/0)

pinMode (pinNumber, mode) ;
// pinNumber can be any digital pins (D0 to D13) mode: INPUT_PULLUP

• Analog Read

analogRead ( pinNumber) ;
// pinNumber can be any analog pins (A0 to A12) Return value is between 1023 (100%) and 0 (0%)

Delay Time

Delay milliseconds (1ms = 0.001s) delay( ms ) ;
ms type: unsigned long, range: 0 to 4,294,967,295

Delay microseconds (1us = 0.000001s) delayMicrosenconds( us ) ; us type: unsigned int, range: 0 to 16383

Electronic Component

Resistor

Capacitor

Diode (二極管)

Button (按鍵)

Transistor (晶體管)

IC – Integrated Circuit (集成電路)

Status of Connection

1. Open Circuit
2. Closed Circuit
3. Short Circuit

Types of waveforms

DC Motor

DC Motor (Direct Current Motor)
• Continue Rotation
• Easy to drive
Speed Control
• DC Voltage
Output Torque
• Current

2 Type of DC Motor
Brush DC Motor
• 2 Pins: +/-
• Easy to drive
Brushless DC Motor
• 3 Pins: A/B/C
• High efficiency

Input IAx/IBx, Output OAx/Obx

Bluetooth

Soldering/Desoldering

Plastic Appreciation

UV (Inkjet) Printer Outlook

1. Attached a paper on table
2. Printed the image onto the paper
3. Image Printed onto Object

Vacuum Former

1. Place the forming mold on the former
2. Put the plastic sheet on the frame
3. Heat up the plastic sheet to soften
4. Power on the vacuum pump for forming

High Frequency Welding

Some Useful Website

Arduino

CircuitBasics

ResistorCalculator

Tinkercad