Mysql的备份与恢复(使用XtraBackup)

发布于:2025-07-07 ⋅ 阅读:(15) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

目录

一、安装 XtraBackup

二、备份 MySQL 数据库

1.创建备份目录

2.执行备份

三、恢复 MySQL 数据库

1.停止 MySQL 服务

2.执行恢复操作

3.修复权限

4.启动 MySQL 服务


        xtrabackup是MySQL的一种物理备份工具,相对于mysqldump,备份和还原速度更快。

一、安装 XtraBackup

MySQL 8.0版本

# CentOS 7
wget https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo rpm -ivh percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo percona-release enable-only tools release
yum install -y percona-xtrabackup-80


# CentOS 8
dnf install -y https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
percona-release setup -y ps80
dnf install -y percona-xtrabackup-80

# Ubuntu
wget https://repo.percona.com/apt/percona-release_latest.$(lsb_release -sc)_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i percona-release_latest.$(lsb_release -sc)_all.deb
sudo percona-release enable-only tools release
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y percona-xtrabackup-80

 MySQL 5.7版本

# CentOS 7
wget https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo rpm -ivh percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo percona-release enable tools release
sudo yum install percona-xtrabackup-24


# CentOS 8
sudo dnf install -y https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo percona-release setup tools
sudo dnf install percona-xtrabackup-24

# Ubuntu
wget https://repo.percona.com/apt/percona-release_latest.$(lsb_release -sc)_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i percona-release_latest.$(lsb_release -sc)_all.deb
sudo percona-release enable tools release
sudo apt update
sudo apt install percona-xtrabackup-24

 注意:

Percona XtraBackup 8.0 版本适合 MySQL 8.0
Percona XtraBackup 2.4 版本适合 MySQL 5.7

二、备份 MySQL 数据库

1.创建备份目录

sudo mkdir -p /data/backups/mysql
sudo chown -R mysql:mysql /data/backups

2.执行备份

(1)全量备份

# MySQL 5.7
xtrabackup --user=backupuser --password=password \
  --host=localhost --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/mysql/full_$(date +%F)

# MySQL 8.0(需添加 --no-timestamp 参数)
xtrabackup --user=backupuser --password=password \
  --host=localhost --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/mysql/full_$(date +%F) \
  --no-timestamp

(2)增量备份(可选)

# 首次全量备份
xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/full

# 后续增量备份
xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/incremental_1 \
  --incremental-basedir=/data/backups/full

xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/data/backups/incremental_2 \
  --incremental-basedir=/data/backups/incremental_1

三、恢复 MySQL 数据库

1.停止 MySQL 服务

# CentOS 7
sudo systemctl stop mysqld

# CentOS 8/Ubuntu
sudo systemctl stop mysql

2.执行恢复操作

(1)清空数据目录

sudo rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*

(2)全量备份还原

# 注意:恢复时需使用 --copy-back 参数
xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/data/backups/mysql/full_$(date +%F)
xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/data/backups/mysql/full_$(date +%F)

(3)增量备份还原(可选)

# 有增量备份的还原,最后一次还原不需要加选项--apply-log-only,假设存在两个增量备份:incremental_1 和 incremental_2,按顺序应用增量备份

# 准备全量备份(不生成回滚点)
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/data/backups/full

# 应用第一个增量备份
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only \
  --target-dir=/data/backups/full \
  --incremental-dir=/data/backups/incremental_1

# 应用第二个增量备份
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only \
  --target-dir=/data/backups/full \
  --incremental-dir=/data/backups/incremental_2

# 最终准备(生成回滚点)
xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/data/backups/full

# 还原最终回滚点
xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/data/backups/mysql/full

 关键参数说明
1.--apply-log-only
        防止在应用增量日志后自动生成回滚点,确保可以继续应用后续增量备份
2.--incremental-dir
        指定增量备份文件所在目录
3.最终 prepare 不使用 --apply-log-only
        生成最终回滚点,使备份数据处于一致性状态

3.修复权限

sudo chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql

4.启动 MySQL 服务

# CentOS 7
sudo systemctl start mysqld

# CentOS 8/Ubuntu
sudo systemctl start mysql

注意:

1.MySQL 8.0 特殊配置

        需添加 --no-timestamp 参数避免创建时间戳目录
        可能需要调整 validate_password 插件配置

2.备份用户需具备 RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT 权限

CREATE USER 'backupuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT, PROCESS ON *.* TO 'backupuser'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

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