AWT与Swing深度对比：架构差异、迁移实战与性能优化

全面对比分析Java AWT与Swing GUI框架的架构差异、性能表现和适用场景，提供完整的AWT到Swing迁移实战指南，包含15+代码示例、性能测试数据、最佳实践建议，助你做出明智的技术选型和实现平滑迁移。

Java AWT, Swing, GUI框架对比, 代码迁移, 性能优化, 轻量级组件, 重量级组件, 跨平台, 最佳实践]

前言

在Java GUI开发的历史长河中，AWT（Abstract Window Toolkit）和Swing是两座重要的里程碑。随着现代桌面应用需求的演进，很多项目面临着从AWT迁移到Swing的技术升级需求。本文将深入解析这两大GUI框架的本质差异，并提供完整的迁移实战指南。

技术架构：重量级 vs 轻量级的本质差异

核心概念对比

组件层次架构对比

事件处理机制对比

性能表现：量化对比分析

启动时间与内存占用

性能测试实战代码

// 性能对比测试：创建1000个按钮的时间测试
public class PerformanceComparison {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 测试AWT性能
        long awtTime = measureAWTPerformance();
        
        // 测试Swing性能  
        long swingTime = measureSwingPerformance();
        
        System.out.printf("AWT 创建时间: %d ms%n", awtTime);
        System.out.printf("Swing 创建时间: %d ms%n", swingTime);
        System.out.printf("性能差异: %.2f%%%n", 
            ((double)(swingTime - awtTime) / awtTime) * 100);
    }
    
    // AWT性能测试
    private static long measureAWTPerformance() {
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        Frame frame = new Frame("AWT Performance Test");
        Panel panel = new Panel(new GridLayout(20, 50));
        
        // 创建1000个AWT按钮
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            Button btn = new Button("AWT-" + i);
            btn.addActionListener(e -> {
                // 模拟事件处理
                System.gc(); 
            });
            panel.add(btn);
        }
        
        frame.add(panel);
        frame.setSize(800, 600);
        frame.setVisible(true);
        
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        // 清理资源
        frame.dispose();
        
        return endTime - startTime;
    }
    
    // Swing性能测试
    private static long measureSwingPerformance() {
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        JFrame frame = new JFrame("Swing Performance Test");
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(20, 50));
        
        // 创建1000个Swing按钮
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            JButton btn = new JButton("Swing-" + i);
            btn.addActionListener(e -> {
                // 模拟事件处理
                System.gc();
            });
            panel.add(btn);
        }
        
        frame.add(panel);
        frame.setSize(800, 600);
        frame.setVisible(true);
        
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        // 清理资源
        frame.dispose();
        
        return endTime - startTime;
    }
}

迁移实战：从AWT到Swing的完整指南

迁移策略概览

核心组件映射表

实战迁移示例：登录窗口

原AWT版本

// 原始AWT登录窗口实现
public class AWTLoginWindow extends Frame {
    private TextField usernameField;
    private TextField passwordField;
    private Button loginButton;
    private Label statusLabel;
    
    public AWTLoginWindow() {
        setTitle("AWT 登录窗口");
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        
        // 创建主面板
        Panel mainPanel = new Panel(new GridBagLayout());
        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        
        // 用户名输入
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(10, 10, 5, 5);
        mainPanel.add(new Label("用户名:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        usernameField = new TextField(20);
        mainPanel.add(usernameField, gbc);
        
        // 密码输入
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 1;
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;
        mainPanel.add(new Label("密码:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        passwordField = new TextField(20);
        passwordField.setEchoChar('*');  // AWT密码字段
        mainPanel.add(passwordField, gbc);
        
        // 登录按钮
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 2; gbc.gridwidth = 2;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(15, 10, 10, 10);
        loginButton = new Button("登录");
        loginButton.addActionListener(this::handleLogin);
        mainPanel.add(loginButton, gbc);
        
        // 状态标签
        statusLabel = new Label("请输入用户名和密码");
        statusLabel.setAlignment(Label.CENTER);
        
        add(mainPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        add(statusLabel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
        
        // 窗口设置
        setSize(350, 180);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        
        // AWT窗口关闭处理
        addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
                System.exit(0);
            }
        });
    }
    
    private void handleLogin(ActionEvent e) {
        String username = usernameField.getText();
        String password = passwordField.getText();
        
        if (username.isEmpty() || password.isEmpty()) {
            statusLabel.setText("请填写完整信息");
            statusLabel.setForeground(Color.RED);
            return;
        }
        
        // 模拟登录验证
        if ("admin".equals(username) && "123456".equals(password)) {
            statusLabel.setText("登录成功！");
            statusLabel.setForeground(Color.GREEN);
        } else {
            statusLabel.setText("用户名或密码错误");
            statusLabel.setForeground(Color.RED);
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new AWTLoginWindow().setVisible(true);
    }
}

迁移后Swing版本

// 迁移后的Swing登录窗口实现
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class SwingLoginWindow extends JFrame {
    private JTextField usernameField;
    private JPasswordField passwordField;  // 专门的密码字段
    private JButton loginButton;
    private JLabel statusLabel;
    
    public SwingLoginWindow() {
        setTitle("Swing 登录窗口");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);  // Swing简化的关闭处理
        
        initializeComponents();
        setupLayout();
        setupEventHandlers();
        
        // 窗口设置
        setSize(400, 220);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        setResizable(false);
        
        // 设置Look and Feel
        try {
            UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeel());
            SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(this);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // 使用默认外观
        }
    }
    
    private void initializeComponents() {
        usernameField = new JTextField(20);
        passwordField = new JPasswordField(20);
        loginButton = new JButton("登录");
        statusLabel = new JLabel("请输入用户名和密码", JLabel.CENTER);
        
        // 设置字体和样式
        Font labelFont = new Font("微软雅黑", Font.PLAIN, 12);
        statusLabel.setFont(labelFont);
        
        // 设置提示文本（Swing特有功能）
        usernameField.setToolTipText("请输入用户名");
        passwordField.setToolTipText("请输入密码");
        
        // 设置按钮样式
        loginButton.setBackground(new Color(70, 130, 180));
        loginButton.setForeground(Color.WHITE);
        loginButton.setFocusPainted(false);
    }
    
    private void setupLayout() {
        JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
        mainPanel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(20, 20, 10, 20));
        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        
        // 用户名标签和输入框
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0;
        gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(5, 0, 5, 10);
        mainPanel.add(new JLabel("用户名:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        gbc.weightx = 1.0;
        mainPanel.add(usernameField, gbc);
        
        // 密码标签和输入框
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 1;
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;
        gbc.weightx = 0;
        mainPanel.add(new JLabel("密码:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        gbc.weightx = 1.0;
        mainPanel.add(passwordField, gbc);
        
        // 登录按钮
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 2; gbc.gridwidth = 2;
        gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.NONE;
        gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.CENTER;
        gbc.insets = new Insets(20, 0, 10, 0);
        gbc.weightx = 0;
        mainPanel.add(loginButton, gbc);
        
        // 使用Swing的内容面板
        getContentPane().setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        getContentPane().add(mainPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        getContentPane().add(statusLabel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
        
        // 添加状态标签边框
        statusLabel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createCompoundBorder(
            BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder(),
            BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(5, 10, 5, 10)
        ));
    }
    
    private void setupEventHandlers() {
        // 按钮点击事件
        loginButton.addActionListener(this::handleLogin);
        
        // 回车键触发登录
        passwordField.addActionListener(this::handleLogin);
        
        // 实时输入验证（Swing特有功能）
        DocumentListener inputValidator = new DocumentListener() {
            public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { validateInput(); }
            public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { validateInput(); }
            public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e) { validateInput(); }
        };
        
        usernameField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(inputValidator);
        passwordField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(inputValidator);
    }
    
    private void validateInput() {
        boolean isValid = !usernameField.getText().trim().isEmpty() && 
                         passwordField.getPassword().length > 0;
        loginButton.setEnabled(isValid);
        
        if (!isValid && !statusLabel.getText().equals("请输入用户名和密码")) {
            updateStatus("请输入用户名和密码", Color.BLACK);
        }
    }
    
    private void handleLogin(ActionEvent e) {
        String username = usernameField.getText().trim();
        char[] passwordChars = passwordField.getPassword();
        String password = new String(passwordChars);
        
        // 安全清理密码数组
        Arrays.fill(passwordChars, '\0');
        
        if (username.isEmpty() || password.isEmpty()) {
            updateStatus("请填写完整信息", Color.RED);
            return;
        }
        
        // 禁用按钮防止重复提交
        loginButton.setEnabled(false);
        loginButton.setText("登录中...");
        
        // 模拟异步登录验证（使用SwingWorker）
        SwingWorker<Boolean, Void> loginWorker = new SwingWorker<Boolean, Void>() {
            @Override
            protected Boolean doInBackground() throws Exception {
                // 模拟网络请求延迟
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                return "admin".equals(username) && "123456".equals(password);
            }
            
            @Override
            protected void done() {
                try {
                    boolean loginSuccess = get();
                    
                    if (loginSuccess) {
                        updateStatus("登录成功！", new Color(0, 120, 0));
                        
                        // 显示成功对话框
                        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(
                            SwingLoginWindow.this,
                            "欢迎，" + username + "！",
                            "登录成功",
                            JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE
                        );
                    } else {
                        updateStatus("用户名或密码错误", Color.RED);
                        passwordField.selectAll();  // 选中密码便于重新输入
                        passwordField.requestFocus();
                    }
                } catch (Exception ex) {
                    updateStatus("登录过程中发生错误", Color.RED);
                } finally {
                    loginButton.setText("登录");
                    validateInput();  // 重新启用按钮
                }
            }
        };
        
        loginWorker.execute();
    }
    
    private void updateStatus(String message, Color color) {
        statusLabel.setText(message);
        statusLabel.setForeground(color);
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 设置Swing在EDT线程中启动
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            try {
                // 设置系统外观
                UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeel());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            
            new SwingLoginWindow().setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

最佳实践与性能优化

迁移最佳实践

1. 渐进式迁移策略

// 混合模式：AWT容器 + Swing组件（过渡阶段）
public class HybridWindow extends Frame {
    private JPanel swingPanel;
    
    public HybridWindow() {
        setTitle("AWT-Swing 混合窗口");
        
        // AWT容器
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        
        // 嵌入Swing面板
        swingPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
        
        // 添加Swing组件
        JButton swingButton = new JButton("Swing按钮");
        JTextField swingField = new JTextField("Swing输入框", 15);
        
        swingPanel.add(swingButton);
        swingPanel.add(swingField);
        
        // 添加到AWT窗口
        add(swingPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        
        // 重要：设置轻量级组件混合模式
        JPopupMenu.setDefaultLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);
        ToolTipManager.sharedInstance().setLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);
        
        setSize(400, 150);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        
        addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
                System.exit(0);
            }
        });
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            new HybridWindow().setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

2. 线程安全的UI更新

// 线程安全的Swing UI更新模式
public class ThreadSafeUpdater {
    private JLabel statusLabel;
    private JProgressBar progressBar;
    
    // 错误方式：直接在后台线程更新UI
    public void badUpdateUI() {
        new Thread(() -> {
            // ❌ 危险！非EDT线程直接更新UI
            statusLabel.setText("处理中...");
            progressBar.setValue(50);
        }).start();
    }
    
    // 正确方式：使用SwingUtilities确保线程安全
    public void goodUpdateUI() {
        new Thread(() -> {
            // 后台处理
            String result = performBackgroundTask();
            int progress = calculateProgress();
            
            // ✅ 安全：在EDT线程中更新UI
            SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
                statusLabel.setText(result);
                progressBar.setValue(progress);
            });
        }).start();
    }
    
    // 最佳方式：使用SwingWorker
    public void bestUpdateUI() {
        SwingWorker<String, Integer> worker = new SwingWorker<String, Integer>() {
            @Override
            protected String doInBackground() throws Exception {
                for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i += 10) {
                    Thread.sleep(100);
                    publish(i);  // 发布进度更新
                }
                return "任务完成";
            }
            
            @Override
            protected void process(List<Integer> chunks) {
                // 在EDT中处理进度更新
                if (!chunks.isEmpty()) {
                    progressBar.setValue(chunks.get(chunks.size() - 1));
                }
            }
            
            @Override
            protected void done() {
                try {
                    statusLabel.setText(get());
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    statusLabel.setText("任务失败：" + e.getMessage());
                }
            }
        };
        
        worker.execute();
    }
    
    private String performBackgroundTask() {
        // 模拟耗时操作
        try {
            Thread.sleep(2000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
        }
        return "任务完成";
    }
    
    private int calculateProgress() {
        return 100;
    }
}

3. 内存优化策略

// Swing内存优化最佳实践
public class MemoryOptimizedSwing extends JFrame {
    private final int LARGE_LIST_SIZE = 10000;
    
    public MemoryOptimizedSwing() {
        setTitle("内存优化示例");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        
        initOptimizedComponents();
        
        setSize(600, 400);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
    }
    
    private void initOptimizedComponents() {
        // 1. 使用虚拟化列表处理大数据集
        DefaultListModel<String> listModel = new DefaultListModel<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < LARGE_LIST_SIZE; i++) {
            listModel.addElement("项目 " + i);
        }
        
        JList<String> list = new JList<>(listModel);
        
        // 设置可见行数减少内存占用
        list.setVisibleRowCount(20);
        
        // 使用原型值优化渲染性能
        list.setPrototypeCellValue("项目 99999");
        
        JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(list);
        
        // 2. 优化表格内存使用
        String[] columnNames = {"ID", "名称", "状态", "时间"};
        DefaultTableModel tableModel = new DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 0) {
            @Override
            public Class<?> getColumnClass(int column) {
                // 正确指定列类型，提高渲染效率
                switch (column) {
                    case 0: return Integer.class;
                    case 1: return String.class;
                    case 2: return Boolean.class;
                    case 3: return java.util.Date.class;
                    default: return Object.class;
                }
            }
        };
        
        // 添加示例数据
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            tableModel.addRow(new Object[]{
                i, "项目" + i, i % 2 == 0, new java.util.Date()
            });
        }
        
        JTable table = new JTable(tableModel);
        
        // 设置表格优化
        table.setAutoResizeMode(JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);
        table.setRowHeight(25);
        
        // 使用弱引用监听器避免内存泄漏
        WeakReference<MemoryOptimizedSwing> windowRef = new WeakReference<>(this);
        table.getSelectionModel().addListSelectionListener(e -> {
            MemoryOptimizedSwing window = windowRef.get();
            if (window != null && !e.getValueIsAdjusting()) {
                // 处理选择事件
                window.handleTableSelection(table.getSelectedRow());
            }
        });
        
        JScrollPane tableScroll = new JScrollPane(table);
        
        // 3. 使用分割面板
        JSplitPane splitPane = new JSplitPane(
            JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,
            scrollPane,
            tableScroll
        );
        splitPane.setDividerLocation(200);
        
        // 4. 内存监控面板
        JPanel memoryPanel = createMemoryMonitorPanel();
        
        setLayout(new BorderLayout());
        add(splitPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        add(memoryPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
    }
    
    private JPanel createMemoryMonitorPanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
        
        JLabel memoryLabel = new JLabel();
        JButton gcButton = new JButton("执行GC");
        
        // 内存使用监控
        Timer memoryTimer = new Timer(1000, e -> {
            Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
            long usedMemory = runtime.totalMemory() - runtime.freeMemory();
            long maxMemory = runtime.maxMemory();
            
            memoryLabel.setText(String.format(
                "内存使用: %.1f MB / %.1f MB (%.1f%%)",
                usedMemory / 1024.0 / 1024.0,
                maxMemory / 1024.0 / 1024.0,
                (double) usedMemory / maxMemory * 100
            ));
        });
        memoryTimer.start();
        
        gcButton.addActionListener(e -> {
            System.gc();
            // 可选：显示GC后的内存状态
        });
        
        panel.add(memoryLabel);
        panel.add(gcButton);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    private void handleTableSelection(int row) {
        if (row >= 0) {
            System.out.println("选中行: " + row);
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            // 设置系统外观
            try {
                UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeel());
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            
            new MemoryOptimizedSwing().setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

常见问题与解决方案

Q1: 为什么Swing组件在AWT容器中显示异常？

解决方案：

// 混合使用时的正确设置
public void setupAWTSwingMixing() {
    // 1. 禁用轻量级弹出菜单
    JPopupMenu.setDefaultLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);
    
    // 2. 禁用轻量级工具提示
    ToolTipManager.sharedInstance().setLightWeightPopupEnabled(false);
    
    // 3. 设置混合模式
    System.setProperty("sun.awt.noerasebackground", "true");
    
    // 4. 使用重量级容器包装Swing组件
    Panel heavyweightPanel = new Panel(new BorderLayout());
    JPanel lightweightPanel = new JPanel();
    
    // 添加Swing组件到轻量级面板
    lightweightPanel.add(new JButton("Swing按钮"));
    
    // 将轻量级面板添加到重量级容器
    heavyweightPanel.add(lightweightPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
}

Q2: 如何处理Look and Feel切换问题？

// 动态切换Look and Feel
public class LookAndFeelSwitcher {
    private JFrame frame;
    private JMenuBar menuBar;
    
    public void setupLookAndFeelMenu() {
        JMenu lafMenu = new JMenu("外观主题");
        
        // 获取所有可用的Look and Feel
        UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo[] lafs = UIManager.getInstalledLookAndFeels();
        
        ButtonGroup lafGroup = new ButtonGroup();
        
        for (UIManager.LookAndFeelInfo laf : lafs) {
            JRadioButtonMenuItem menuItem = new JRadioButtonMenuItem(laf.getName());
            menuItem.addActionListener(e -> switchLookAndFeel(laf.getClassName()));
            
            lafGroup.add(menuItem);
            lafMenu.add(menuItem);
            
            // 标记当前主题
            if (laf.getClassName().equals(UIManager.getLookAndFeel().getClass().getName())) {
                menuItem.setSelected(true);
            }
        }
        
        menuBar.add(lafMenu);
    }
    
    private void switchLookAndFeel(String lafClassName) {
        try {
            UIManager.setLookAndFeel(lafClassName);
            SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI(frame);
            frame.pack();  // 重新计算大小
        } catch (Exception e) {
            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(frame,
                "切换外观主题失败: " + e.getMessage(),
                "错误",
                JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
        }
    }
}

Q3: 大数据量列表和表格的性能优化？

// 大数据量组件的性能优化
public class LargeDataOptimization {
    
    // 虚拟化JList实现
    public JList<String> createVirtualizedList(List<String> data) {
        // 使用自定义模型实现延迟加载
        AbstractListModel<String> model = new AbstractListModel<String>() {
            @Override
            public int getSize() {
                return data.size();
            }
            
            @Override
            public String getElementAt(int index) {
                // 只有在需要显示时才加载数据
                return data.get(index);
            }
        };
        
        JList<String> list = new JList<>(model);
        
        // 优化设置
        list.setVisibleRowCount(50);  // 限制可见行数
        list.setFixedCellHeight(20);  // 固定行高提高性能
        list.setPrototypeCellValue("典型数据项用于计算宽度");
        
        return list;
    }
    
    // 分页表格实现
    public class PaginatedTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
        private final List<Object[]> allData;
        private final int pageSize;
        private int currentPage = 0;
        private final String[] columnNames;
        
        public PaginatedTableModel(List<Object[]> data, String[] columns, int pageSize) {
            this.allData = data;
            this.columnNames = columns;
            this.pageSize = pageSize;
        }
        
        @Override
        public int getRowCount() {
            int startIndex = currentPage * pageSize;
            int endIndex = Math.min(startIndex + pageSize, allData.size());
            return Math.max(0, endIndex - startIndex);
        }
        
        @Override
        public int getColumnCount() {
            return columnNames.length;
        }
        
        @Override
        public String getColumnName(int column) {
            return columnNames[column];
        }
        
        @Override
        public Object getValueAt(int rowIndex, int columnIndex) {
            int actualIndex = currentPage * pageSize + rowIndex;
            if (actualIndex < allData.size()) {
                return allData.get(actualIndex)[columnIndex];
            }
            return null;
        }
        
        public void setPage(int page) {
            this.currentPage = page;
            fireTableDataChanged();
        }
        
        public int getTotalPages() {
            return (allData.size() + pageSize - 1) / pageSize;
        }
    }
}

Q4: 如何实现响应式布局？

// 响应式Swing布局实现
public class ResponsiveLayout extends JFrame implements ComponentListener {
    private JPanel mainPanel;
    private CardLayout cardLayout;
    
    public ResponsiveLayout() {
        setTitle("响应式布局示例");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        
        cardLayout = new CardLayout();
        mainPanel = new JPanel(cardLayout);
        
        // 创建不同尺寸的布局
        mainPanel.add(createCompactLayout(), "COMPACT");
        mainPanel.add(createNormalLayout(), "NORMAL");
        mainPanel.add(createExpendedLayout(), "EXPANDED");
        
        add(mainPanel);
        
        // 监听窗口大小变化
        addComponentListener(this);
        
        setSize(800, 600);
        setLocationRelativeTo(null);
        
        // 初始布局选择
        updateLayout();
    }
    
    private JPanel createCompactLayout() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        
        // 紧凑型工具栏
        JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
        toolbar.setFloatable(false);
        toolbar.add(new JButton("新建"));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("保存"));
        toolbar.addSeparator();
        toolbar.add(new JComboBox<>(new String[]{"选项1", "选项2"}));
        
        // 简化的内容区
        JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea("紧凑布局内容区域");
        
        panel.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
        panel.add(new JScrollPane(textArea), BorderLayout.CENTER);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    private JPanel createNormalLayout() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        
        // 标准工具栏和菜单
        JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
        menuBar.add(new JMenu("文件"));
        menuBar.add(new JMenu("编辑"));
        setJMenuBar(menuBar);
        
        JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
        toolbar.add(new JButton("新建"));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("打开"));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("保存"));
        toolbar.addSeparator();
        toolbar.add(new JLabel("查找:"));
        toolbar.add(new JTextField(15));
        
        // 分割面板
        JSplitPane splitPane = new JSplitPane(
            JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,
            createSidePanel(),
            new JScrollPane(new JTextArea("标准布局内容区域"))
        );
        splitPane.setDividerLocation(200);
        
        panel.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
        panel.add(splitPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        panel.add(createStatusBar(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    private JPanel createExpendedLayout() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        
        // 丰富的工具面板
        JTabbedPane tabbedPane = new JTabbedPane();
        tabbedPane.addTab("编辑", new JScrollPane(new JTextArea("扩展布局 - 编辑区")));
        tabbedPane.addTab("预览", new JScrollPane(new JLabel("扩展布局 - 预览区", JLabel.CENTER)));
        tabbedPane.addTab("属性", createPropertyPanel());
        
        JSplitPane mainSplit = new JSplitPane(
            JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,
            createExpandedSidePanel(),
            tabbedPane
        );
        mainSplit.setDividerLocation(250);
        
        panel.add(createExpandedToolBar(), BorderLayout.NORTH);
        panel.add(mainSplit, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        panel.add(createStatusBar(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    private JPanel createSidePanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder("导航"));
        
        String[] items = {"项目1", "项目2", "项目3"};
        JList<String> list = new JList<>(items);
        panel.add(new JScrollPane(list), BorderLayout.CENTER);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    private JPanel createExpandedSidePanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        
        JTabbedPane sideTabs = new JTabbedPane(JTabbedPane.LEFT);
        sideTabs.addTab("文件", createFileTree());
        sideTabs.addTab("大纲", new JScrollPane(new JList<>(new String[]{"章节1", "章节2"})));
        
        panel.add(sideTabs, BorderLayout.CENTER);
        return panel;
    }
    
    private JComponent createFileTree() {
        // 简化的文件树
        DefaultMutableTreeNode root = new DefaultMutableTreeNode("项目");
        root.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("src"));
        root.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("resources"));
        
        return new JScrollPane(new JTree(root));
    }
    
    private JPanel createPropertyPanel() {
        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new GridBagLayout());
        GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
        
        gbc.gridx = 0; gbc.gridy = 0; gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;
        panel.add(new JLabel("属性1:"), gbc);
        
        gbc.gridx = 1; gbc.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
        panel.add(new JTextField(20), gbc);
        
        return panel;
    }
    
    private JToolBar createExpandedToolBar() {
        JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
        
        // 文件操作组
        toolbar.add(new JButton("新建"));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("打开"));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("保存"));
        toolbar.addSeparator();
        
        // 编辑操作组
        toolbar.add(new JButton("撤销"));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("重做"));
        toolbar.addSeparator();
        
        // 格式化操作组
        toolbar.add(new JToggleButton("粗体"));
        toolbar.add(new JToggleButton("斜体"));
        toolbar.addSeparator();
        
        // 查找替换
        toolbar.add(new JLabel("查找:"));
        toolbar.add(new JTextField(15));
        toolbar.add(new JButton("查找"));
        
        return toolbar;
    }
    
    private JPanel createStatusBar() {
        JPanel statusBar = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
        statusBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder());
        
        statusBar.add(new JLabel("就绪"), BorderLayout.WEST);
        statusBar.add(new JLabel("行 1, 列 1"), BorderLayout.EAST);
        
        return statusBar;
    }
    
    private void updateLayout() {
        Dimension size = getSize();
        String layoutName;
        
        if (size.width < 600) {
            layoutName = "COMPACT";
        } else if (size.width < 1000) {
            layoutName = "NORMAL";
        } else {
            layoutName = "EXPANDED";
        }
        
        cardLayout.show(mainPanel, layoutName);
    }
    
    @Override
    public void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {
        updateLayout();
    }
    
    @Override
    public void componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) {}
    @Override
    public void componentShown(ComponentEvent e) {}
    @Override
    public void componentHidden(ComponentEvent e) {}
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            new ResponsiveLayout().setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

总结与扩展学习

技术演进路线图

timeline
    title Java GUI技术演进
    
    1995 : AWT 1.0 发布
         : 重量级组件架构
         : 基础GUI功能
    
    1997 : Swing 1.0 发布  
         : 轻量级组件架构
         : 可插拔外观
    
    2006 : Swing改进
         : SwingWorker引入
         : 性能优化
    
    2011 : JavaFX兴起
         : 现代UI技术
         : Web集成
    
    2025 : 现代选择
         : JavaFX成熟
         : Web技术整合

延伸学习资源

📚 推荐书籍

• 《Swing实战》 - 深入Swing组件和架构设计
• 《Java桌面应用开发实战》 - 完整项目案例分析
• 《Effective Java》 - GUI编程最佳实践

🛠️ 实用工具推荐

• WindowBuilder - Eclipse可视化GUI设计插件
• NetBeans GUI Builder - 所见即所得的界面设计
• JFormDesigner - 专业的Swing界面设计工具
• SwingX - Swing组件扩展库

🌐 在线资源

• Oracle Swing教程 - 官方权威教程
• Modern Swing开发 - 现代化外观主题