【Java后端】Spring Boot 多模块项目实战：从零搭建父工程与子模块

发布于：2025-09-15 ⋅ 阅读:(35) ⋅ 点赞:(0)

如何用 Spring Boot 搭建一个父工程 (Parent Project)，并在其中包含多个子模块 (Module)，适合企业级项目或者需要分模块管理的场景。

Spring Boot 多模块项目实战：从零搭建父工程与子模块

在日常开发中，我们经常会遇到这样的需求：

  • 系统功能复杂，代码量庞大，需要拆分为多个模块；

  • 不同模块之间既能独立开发，又能在一个父工程下统一管理依赖；

  • 项目结构清晰，方便团队协作和后期维护。

这时，就需要用到 Spring Boot 多模块工程 (Multi-Module Project)。

本文将从零开始，带你一步步搭建一个 父工程 + 多个子模块 的 Spring Boot 项目。

一、项目结构设计

我们先设想一个常见的企业级应用：

  • 父工程 (parent-project)

    • common-module：通用工具类、公共依赖封装

    • auth-module：权限认证模块

    • user-module：用户管理模块

    • file-module：文件上传与管理模块

    • gateway-module：网关层

最终结构大概如下：

parent-project
│── pom.xml                # 父工程配置，统一依赖版本
│
├── common-module
│    └── pom.xml
│
├── auth-module
│    └── pom.xml
│
├── user-module
│    └── pom.xml
│
├── file-module
│    └── pom.xml
│
└── gateway-module
     └── pom.xml

二、创建父工程

  1. 在 IDEA 中新建 Maven 项目，取名 parent-project。

    • GroupId: com.example

    • ArtifactId: parent-project

    • Packaging: pom（这里必须是 pom，表示这是父工程）

  2. 编辑 parent-project/pom.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.7.18</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>springboot-multi-module-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>
    <name>SpringBoot Multi Module Parent</name>
    <description>Spring Boot 多模块项目父工程</description>
    
    <modules>
        <module>common-module</module>
        <module>auth-module</module>
        <module>user-module</module>
        <module>file-module</module>
        <module>gateway-module</module>
        <module>admin-module</module>
    </modules>
    
    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <spring-cloud.version>2021.0.8</spring-cloud.version>
        <jwt.version>0.11.5</jwt.version>
        <swagger.version>3.0.0</swagger.version>
        <mysql.version>8.0.33</mysql.version>
        <druid.version>1.2.18</druid.version>
        <mybatis-plus.version>3.5.3.1</mybatis-plus.version>
        <fastjson.version>2.0.32</fastjson.version>
        <hutool.version>5.8.20</hutool.version>
    </properties>
    
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <!-- Spring Cloud -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- 内部模块依赖 -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.example</groupId>
                <artifactId>common-module</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.example</groupId>
                <artifactId>auth-module</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.example</groupId>
                <artifactId>user-module</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.example</groupId>
                <artifactId>file-module</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- JWT -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
                <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
                <version>${jwt.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
                <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
                <version>${jwt.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
                <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
                <version>${jwt.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Swagger -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
                <artifactId>springfox-boot-starter</artifactId>
                <version>${swagger.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- MySQL -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>mysql</groupId>
                <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
                <version>${mysql.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Druid -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
                <artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
                <version>${druid.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- MyBatis Plus -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.baomidou</groupId>
                <artifactId>mybatis-plus-boot-starter</artifactId>
                <version>${mybatis-plus.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- FastJSON -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
                <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
                <version>${fastjson.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Hutool -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>cn.hutool</groupId>
                <artifactId>hutool-all</artifactId>
                <version>${hutool.version}</version>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.8.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>1.8</source>
                    <target>1.8</target>
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

三、创建子模块

在 IDEA 中，右键 parent-project → New → Module，选择 Maven，然后逐个新建：

  • common-module

  • auth-module

  • user-module

  • file-module

  • gateway-module

注意：这些模块的 pom.xml 中都要 继承父工程。

1. common-module（公共模块）

common-module/pom.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>springboot-multi-module-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>common-module</artifactId>
    <name>Common Module</name>
    <description>通用模块，包含工具类、异常处理、统一返回体等</description>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
            <artifactId>springfox-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>cn.hutool</groupId>
            <artifactId>hutool-all</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-configuration-processor</artifactId>
            <optional>true</optional>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

2. auth-module（权限认证）

auth-module/pom.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>springboot-multi-module-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>auth-module</artifactId>
    <name>Auth Module</name>
    <description>权限认证模块，基于JWT和Spring Security</description>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.example</groupId>
            <artifactId>common-module</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

3. user-module（用户模块）

user-module/pom.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>springboot-multi-module-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>user-module</artifactId>
    <name>User Module</name>
    <description>用户管理模块，支持Session和JWT两种认证方式</description>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.example</groupId>
            <artifactId>common-module</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.session</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-session-data-redis</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.baomidou</groupId>
            <artifactId>mybatis-plus-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

4. file-module（文件上传模块）

file-module/pom.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>springboot-multi-module-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>file-module</artifactId>
    <name>File Module</name>
    <description>文件管理模块，支持文件上传、下载、删除等功能</description>
    
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.example</groupId>
            <artifactId>common-module</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 图片处理 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.coobird</groupId>
            <artifactId>thumbnailator</artifactId>
            <version>0.4.19</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 文件类型检测 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.tika</groupId>
            <artifactId>tika-core</artifactId>
            <version>2.8.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

5. gateway-module（网关层）

gateway-module/pom.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <parent>
        <groupId>com.example</groupId>
        <artifactId>springboot-multi-module-parent</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    
    <artifactId>gateway-module</artifactId>
    <name>Gateway Module</name>
    <description>网关模块，统一入口，处理跨域、日志、限流等</description>
    
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Cloud Gateway (基于WebFlux，不能与spring-boot-starter-web一起使用) -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- Redis支持 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-redis-reactive</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- macOS DNS解析器 (解决DNS解析警告) -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.netty</groupId>
            <artifactId>netty-resolver-dns-native-macos</artifactId>
            <classifier>osx-x86_64</classifier>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- JWT支持 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- 工具类 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>cn.hutool</groupId>
            <artifactId>hutool-all</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        
        <!-- 限流 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.github.vladimir-bukhtoyarov</groupId>
            <artifactId>bucket4j-core</artifactId>
            <version>7.6.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

四、运行与验证

  1. 进入 parent-project 目录，运行：

mvn clean install

  1. 启动 web-api 模块：

cd web-api
mvn spring-boot:run

  1. 打开浏览器访问 http://localhost:8080，验证是否正常启动。

五、总结

通过以上步骤，我们成功搭建了一个 Spring Boot 多模块项目：

  • 父工程统一管理依赖版本，保证一致性；

  • 子模块按功能拆分，职责清晰；

  • web-api 模块作为入口，组合其他模块的能力；

  • 后续可以方便地扩展更多模块，如 order-module、payment-module 等。

这种结构特别适合 中大型项目，能够有效提升团队协作效率和代码可维护性。

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