作者:姚彦孜 清华大学本科在读
编者按
在“Management Science近期论文精选”中,我们有主题、有针对性的选择了Management Science中一些有趣的文章,不仅对文章的内容进行了概括与点评,而且也对文章的结构进行了梳理,旨在激发广大读者的阅读兴趣与探索热情。在本期“论文精选”中,我们以“经济与金融”为主题,探讨了科技企业的融资约束、资产定价问题的算法、个性化定价与分销策略、大缓和时代收益的低可预测性、对冲基金与公众信息的关系等问题,内容涵盖经济学与金融学、宏观与微观的多个方面,也为运筹学后续研究提供了丰富的应用场景和广阔的灵感来源。
推荐文章1
发表时间:2022.7.21
● 题目:Technological Determinants of Financial Constraints
● 期刊:Management Science
● 原文链接:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4421
● 作者:Jan Starmans
● 关键词:moral hazard (道德风险)• contractual constraints(合同约束) • financial constraints(融资约束) • innovation(革新)
● 摘要:
This paper studies the investor’s investment decision in a standard financial contracting model. The investor chooses among entrepreneurs with heterogeneous production technologies who generate different probability distributions of cash flow under effort. I provide a complete characterization of optimal contracts, agency rents, and the investor’s investment decision. Differences in entrepreneurs’ production technologies imply differences in optimal contracts and agency rents across equally productive entrepreneurs, which biases and potentially distorts the investor’s investment decision. The results provide a complete characterization of entrepreneurs’ financial constraints in the presence of heterogeneous production technologies and uncover a fundamental link between production technologies, financial contracts, and financial constraints.
这篇文章研究了在标准财务合同模型下投资者的投资决策问题。投资者将会在具有特殊生产技术的企业家中进行选择,经过努力,这些企业会产生不同概率分布的现金流。我在这里提供了一个关于最优合同、代理租金和投资策略的完整塑造方法。企业家生产技术的差异会影响投资者的投资偏好,因而这预示着在具有同等创造力和生产力条件下,他们得到的最优合同和代理租金是不同的。本文的结果为我们提供了对于在特殊生产技术存在条件下企业财务契约情况的完整描述,并揭⽰了⽣产技术、财务合同和融资约束之间的基本关系。
● 文章结构:
● 点评:
文章主要关注创新与技术变革对于债务和股权融资产生的的经济影响,勾勒了企业的创新能力、融资约束及融资前后期企业价值的基本关系。作者对过去的文献进行了大量调研,并在此基础上提出了自己的创新点,相比于之前学者所探究的代理人财富或代理人信息对于融资能力的影响,本文选取了“代理人的创新能力与生产技术”这一因素进行探究,旨在为补全整幅图景贡献自己的力量。如果你想彻底理解这一庞大的理论体系,仅仅阅读这篇文章是远远不够的,建议将他与文中列举的文献一起进行比较阅读,相信你会获得一些奇妙的际遇!
推荐文章2
发表时间:2022.6.28
● 题目:Model-Free Bounds for Multi-Asset Options Using Option-Implied Information and Their Exact Computation
● 期刊:Management Science
● 原文链接:
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4456
● 作者:Ariel Neufeld, Antonis Papapantoleon, QikunXiang
● 关键词:model-free bounds(无模型边界) • option-implied information(期权隐含信息) • multi-asset options(多资产期权) • bid-ask spread(买卖价差) • cutting plane method (割平面法)• no-arbitrage gap(无套利缺口) • arbitrage detection(套利监测)
● 摘要:
This paper studies the investor’s investment decision in a standard financial contracting model. The investor chooses among entrepreneurs with heterogeneous production technologies who generate different probability distributions of cash flow under effort. I provide a complete characterization of optimal contracts, agency rents, and the investor’s investment decision. Differences in entrepreneurs’ production technologies imply differences in optimal contracts and agency rents across equally productive entrepreneurs, which biases and potentially distorts the investor’s investment decision. The results provide a complete characterization of entrepreneurs’ financial constraints in the presence of heterogeneous production technologies and uncover a fundamental link between production technologies, financial contracts, and financial constraints.
我们的研究对象是在单期金融市场中基于多种基础资产的衍生品,我们对计算其在无模型情况下,无套利价格的上下边界十分感兴趣。我们在一个完全现实的环境中工作,因为我们只假设知道其他单一和多资产衍生品的交易价格,甚至允许这些价格之间存在买卖价差。我们为这个市场模型提供了一个资产定价的基本定理,并得到了超级对冲的对偶性结果,这些结果将抽象的概率度量的最大化问题转化为一个更实际的有约束的求向量最小值的问题。在此之后,我们将这个问题重塑为一个线性半无限规划问题,并提供了两种算法来解决这一问题。这些算法可以揭示最优价格的上下限与最优价格的特征,他不仅在低维场景下是有效的,而且也可以在高维场景下计算边界(例如在d=60的时候)。不仅如此,这些算法可以用于检测套利机会并确定相应的套利策略。我们使用大量的市场数据(既有人为合成的也有真实的)进行的数值实验验证了这些算法的高效性,与此同时,s这些算法也能够通过增加衍生品价格等附加信息来降低模型风险。
● 文章结构:
● 点评:
究竟是什么样的算法能够在无模型的条件下,最大限度的接近现实世界,探究规律解决资产定价问题呢?到现在为止,学者们已经为了这个问题进行了二十多年的探索。在这篇多资产期权定价相关的文章中,作者使用了Daum和Werner开发的一种基于离散化的算法用于求解线性半无限规划问题,又使用了中心割平面法,计算依赖于多种资产的金融衍生品在无模型情况下的价格界限。与此同时,本文的算法允许在高维情况下计算价格界限,这也是以前的方法所不能做到的。如果您对无模型思想的变革或者对这些算法的应用感兴趣的话,欢迎您阅读这篇文章!
推荐文章3
发表时间:2022.7.26
● 题目:Personalized Pricing and Distribution Strategies
● 期刊:Management Science
● 原文链接:
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4437
● 作者:Bruno Jullien, Markus Reisinger, Patrick Rey
● 关键词:personalized pricing(个性化定价) • distribution strategies(分销策略) • vertical contracting (垂直定价)• downstream competition(下游竞争)
● 摘要:
The availability of consumer data is inducing a growing number of firms to adopt more personalized pricing policies. This affects both the performance of, and the competition between, alternative distribution channels, which in turn has implications for firms’ distribution strategies. We develop a formal model to examine a brand manufacturer’s choice between mono distribution (selling only through its own direct channel) or dual distribution (selling through an independent retailer as well). We consider different demand patterns, covering both horizontal and vertical differentiation and different pricing regimes, with the manufacturer and retailer each charging personalized prices or a uniform price. We show that dual distribution is optimal for a large number of cases. In particular, this is always the case when the channels are horizontally differentiated, regardless of the pricing regime; moreover, if both firms charge personalized prices, a well-designed wholesale tariff allows them to extract the entire consumer surplus. These insights obtained here for the case of intraband competition between vertically related firms are thus in stark contrast to those obtained for Interband competition, where personalized pricing dissipates industry profit. With vertical differentiation, dual distribution remains optimal if the manufacturer charges a uniform price. By contrast, under personalized pricing, mono distribution can be optimal when the retailer does not expand demand sufficiently. Interestingly, the industry profit may be largest in a hybrid pricing regime, in which the manufacturer forgoes the use of personalized pricing and only the retailer charges personalized prices.
消费者数据的可用性正在促使越来越多的公司采取个性化的定价策略。这不仅会影响分销渠道之间的竞争,也会影响公司的分销策略。我们开发了一个模型这个模型将用于检测品牌制造商在单一营销渠道(仅通过自己公司的渠道直接销售)与多营销渠道(通过独立零售商销售)之间的选择。我们考虑涵盖横纵向差异以及不同定价制度的不同需求模式,在这些需求模式中,制造商与零售商各自选择收取个性化价格或者是统一价格。我们发现,对于大量案例而言,多分销手段是最优的。尤其是当渠道有水平差异时,无论定价制度如何,情况总是这样。不仅如此,如果两家公司同样都收取个性化的价格,精心计算的批发关税会使他们得到全部的消费者剩余。同一品牌的内部竞争(制造商和零售商之间)与品牌间的竞争形成了鲜明的对比,而后者的个性化定价会耗散行业利润。在有纵向差异的情况下,如果制造商收取统一的价格,多营销手段仍然是最佳的。相比之下,在个性化定价下,当零售商没有充分扩大需求时,单一营销渠道可能是最优的。有趣的是,在混合定价制度中行业利润会达到最大值,在这里制造商放弃使用个性化的价格,只有零售商收取个性化的价格。
● 文章结构:
● 点评:
本文分析了个性化定价对品牌制造商选择双重分销动机的影响。增加一个独立的分销渠道使制造商能够接触到不同的消费者群体,但也会引发品牌内部与自己的分销渠道的竞争。作者的推导和研究表明,尽管双重分销的好处取决于个性化定价和需求模式,但双重分销在很多情况下都是最优的。附录一中对于模型的证明详实严谨,值得一读;虽然第二节的模型中并没有应用到运筹的相关知识,但是此模型的发展也为运筹学提供了很好的应用背景。
推荐文章4
发表时间:2022.6.13
● 题目:Gone with the Vol: A Decline in Asset Return Predictability During the Great Moderation
● 期刊:Management Science
● 原文链接:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4429
● 作者:Alex Hsu, Francisco Palomino, Liang Qian
● 关键词:asset return predictability(资产收益可预测性) • time-varying macroeconomic volatility (随时间变化的宏观经济波动性)• monetary policy (货币政策)• the Great Moderation(大缓和时代)
● 摘要:
We document and examine a significant shift in the comovement of asset returns and macroeconomic volatility during the Great Moderation. Strong U.S. stock and bond return predictability from several macroeconomic volatility series before 1982 was followed by a significant predictability decline during the Great Moderation (1982–2008). These findings are robust to alternative empirical specifications and out-of-sample tests. In a calibrated equilibrium model with time-varying volatility, the predictability decline requires changes in several model elements. Lower return predictability is consistent with stronger policy responses to inflation and output, a larger slope in the New Keynesian Phillips curve, and reduced sensitivity of both macroeconomic and financial variables to a volatility factor. Our results contribute to the examination of macroeconomic volatility as a driver of expected asset returns and the instability in predictive regressions. We further identify sources of the Great Moderation using asset price dynamics.
我们记录并研究了大缓和时期资产收益率和宏观经济波动比率的明显变化。1982年之前,几个宏观经济波动序列对美国股票和债券收益的预测性很强,而在大缓和时期(1982-2008年),预测性明显下降。这些结论对于其他的经验和在样本外的检验而言都是很稳健的。在一个具有时变波动性的标定均衡模型中,可预测性的下降需要改变几个模型要素。较低的收益可预测性与对通胀和产出更剧烈的政策反应、新凯恩斯主义中菲利普曲线的更大斜率,以及宏观经济和金融变量对波动性因素敏感性的降低是一致的。我们对预期资产收益驱动因素和预测回归不稳定性的研究将有助于对宏观经济波动的研究。再进一步,我们可以通过资产价格的动态变化推知大缓和时代的起源。
● 文章结构:
● 点评:
本文追溯历史、以史鉴今,作者对1982到2008年美国经济大缓和时代宏观经济波动序列预测性下降这一现象进行探究,揭示了资产收益可预测性的经济来源,有助于我们更好的认识大缓和时代的驱动因素。与此同时,作者也提到了这篇文章模型的缺陷,比如他的模型建立对某一个简化方程有很强的依赖性,校准过程中发现一些参数值明显偏离经验值等等,对于后续的改进成果,让我们拭目以待。
推荐文章5
发表时间:2022.6.29
● 题目:Hedge Funds and Public Information Acquisition
● 期刊:Management Science
● 原文链接:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4466
● 作者:Alan Crane, Kevin Crotty, Tarik Umar
● 关键词:finance (金融)• investment(投资) • asset pricing(资产定价) • hedge fund(对冲基金) • information acquisition(信息获取) • public information(公共信息) • investment performance(投资业绩)
● 摘要:
Hedge funds actively acquire publicly available financial disclosures. Funds acquiring such information subsequently earn 1.5% higher annualized abnormal returns than nonacquirers. Trades by the same fund in the same quarter are more profitable when accompanied by public information acquisition. Acquiring public filings is relatively less profitable when macro uncertainty is high. Funds employ a wide range of strategies for acquiring public filings. Those that systematically scrape large volumes of information, specialize in certain filing types, acquire filings with more content changes, or access information immediately outperform other funds.
对冲基金积极获取公共财务信息。能够获取此类信息的基金获得的年化异常回报率比非获取者高1.5%。在得到公共信息的条件下,同一季度同一基金获得的利润最高。当宏观不确定性很高时,获取公共信息所能得到的利润相对较低(也就是说,相对于非获取者,公共财务信息并不能为获取者带来很高的利润),为了获取公共信息,基金机构用尽浑身解数。那些能够系统性收集大量信息、获得更多内部文件或者能得到一手消息的基金的表现一般优于其他信息。
● 文章结构:
● 点评:
对冲基金间的业绩之战很大程度上是一场信息战,这是毋庸置疑的。但是在这篇文章中,作者将这个常识性的法制进行了深度探究,系统的探讨了基金业绩与公众信息获取之间的联系(尤其关注获取形式),与此同时,对于大数据与统计学知识的应用和对于大量财务报表信息与著名机构基金信息的引入也使其研究更贴近实际,更具实操意义。这篇文章并没有严密的推导与数学证明,因而阅读起来较为轻松,但也会给人许多思考与启发。